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Understanding Knowledge Migration and Academic Mobility

Learn about skilled migration, academic mobility, and cosmopolitanism in the global context. Explore economic demands, critical skills, Erasmus program, and research findings on academic migration.

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Understanding Knowledge Migration and Academic Mobility

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  1. KNOWLEDGE MIGRATION AND ACADEMIC MOBILITY Dr. Liudmila Kirpitchenko Monash University

  2. Skill Migration • From the mid-1990s. emphasis on highly skilled migration • Skilled migrants now comprise the single largest group of permanent migrants • Over two skilled visas are granted for every family visa granted Permanent Non-Humanitarian Visa Grants(a): 1995-96 to 2007-08

  3. Skill Selection • Highly skilled selection immigration programs in Australia, Canada, New Zealand, others • General Skilled Migration Points Test: • Age • English language ability • Qualifications • Work experience • Nominations or sponsorships • Nominated skilled occupation

  4. Economic Demands • Over 60 Skilled Visa Subclasses: • Skilled Independent • Skilled Australian Sponsored/ State and Territory Sponsored • Employer Sponsored • Business Skills and • Distinguished Talents

  5. Critical Skills • The Migration Occupations in Demand List (>100): • Managers and Administrators (2) • Professionals (53) • Associate Professionals (2) • Trade Persons (49) • Critical Skills List of Professional Occupations (>40): • Engineers • Emergency Medical Specialist • Pharmacists • Pathologist • Registered Nurses • Surveyors

  6. Knowledge Migration • Diverse Mobilities: • hyper-mobility • circular migration • return migration • shuttle migration, etc. • Potential for knowledge exchange and creation of new cultural knowledge • Interactions of different ethnic identities, cultural patterns and academic traditions • Role of culturein social interactions and cultural integration

  7. Academic Mobility • Education and training are essential to the development of today's knowledge society and economy • International Academic Mobility of students and academic staff for professional career purposes • The Lifelong Learning Programmes: • Comenius for schools • Erasmus for higher education • Leonardo da Vinci for vocational education and training • Grundtvig for adult education

  8. Erasmus EuRopean Community Action Scheme for the Mobility of University Students • Started in 1987 - 25th anniversary in 2012 • Each year, more than 230 000 students study abroad • Total 3 million students • Over 4 000 higher education institutions in 33 countries http://ec.europa.eu/education/lifelong-learning-programme/erasmus_en.htm

  9. Erasmus and the World • Erasmus Mundus • Scholarships and academic co-operation between Europe and the rest of the world • Tempus • Modernizing higher education in EU neighbors • Established in 1990, now covers 27 countries

  10. Erasmus Students Outgoing Erasmus Students from Italy: 2000/01 - 2009/10 Outgoing Erasmus Students from the Top Four Sending European countries: 2009/10 Source: EC, 2011a

  11. Erasmus in Australia In Australia, since 2004, over 90 Australian students were awarded scholarships

  12. Research on Academic Mobility • Research on academic mobility is in its nascent state worldwide • Inaugural conference in Finland in 2006 • Differences in academic expectations among non-local students and staff • Differences in modes of academic writing • Critical reading • Academic interpersonal relations • Educational prerequisites for success in academic intercultural dialogue • Best practices of intercultural dialogue in academia internationally • “Mobility without education is nothing but ruin to the soul” • Second academic mobility conference in Estonia in 2009 • Third international conference on academic mobility and migration in KL in 2012 • Mobility and migration often go hand in hand • Extended the reach to the Asian Pacific region as recognition of its active participation in the global academic mobility

  13. Academic Migrants Compared to other migration categories: • Younger • Higher levels of education • More years of professional experience • Good English language proficiency • Greater propensity for global mobility • More diversified options for migration • New tendency of liquid mobilities • Developed integration skills • Global outlooks • Cosmopolitan dispositions

  14. Cosmopolitanism –Defining Features • Globality: openness to the world, awareness of a global sphere of responsibility, and globally shared collective futures • Plurality: acknowledgement of the otherness of others and commitment to “stimulate the self-reflexivity of divergent entangled cosmopolitan modernities” • Civility:commitment to dialogue and non-violence (Beck, 2002: 35-36)

  15. Cosmopolitan Vision Cosmopolitanism- “orientation, a willingness to engage with the other . . . intellectual and aesthetic openness toward divergent cultural experiences, a search for contrasts rather than uniformity” (Hannerz, 1996: 104) “includes Kantian universalism, cross-cultural competence, and either a willingness to tolerate or engage with otherness” (Calcutt et al., 2009: 172) “cosmopolitans espouse a broadly defined disposition of ‘openness’ toward others, people, things and experiences whose origin is non-local” (Skrbis & Woodward , 2007: 730) Cultural Openness - “the search for, and delight in, the contrasts between societies rather than a longing for superiority or for uniformity” (Urry, 2000: 7)

  16. Everyday Cosmopolitan Values and Dispositions: Cultural awareness Cognitive style of communication Intercultural competencies Cultural intelligence Intercultural openness Cultural acceptance Willingness to engage Limited power distance Interpersonal engagement

  17. Conclusion Academic Migrants as Important Agents of: • Knowledge Mobilization • Knowledge Exchange • Knowledge Translation • Knowledge Transfer • Knowledge Creation

  18. References Beck, U. (2002) The cosmopolitan society and its enemies’ Theory, culture & society. 19(1-2): 17-44. Calcutt, L., Woodward, I. & Skrbis, Z. (2009). Conceptualizing otherness: An exploration of the cosmopolitan schema. Journal of Sociology, 45 (2), 169-186. European Commission (2011a) Lifelong Learning Programme THE ERASMUS PROGRAMME 2009/2010: A Statistical Overview. December 2011 at http://ec.europa.eu/education/erasmus/doc/stat/0910/report.pdf European Commission (2011b) Statistics by country - Erasmus Mundus scholars selected each academic year, 2004-05 to 2009-10. At http://eacea.ec.europa.eu/erasmus_mundus/results_compendia/statistics_en.php Hannerz, U. (1996). Transnational connections: culture, people, places. New York: Routledge. Skrbis, Z. & Woodward, I. (2007). The ambivalence of ordinary cosmopolitanism: investigating the limits of cosmopolitan openness. Sociological review, 55 (4), 730-747. Urry, J. (2000). Sociology beyond societies: Mobilities for the twenty-first century. London: Routledge.

  19. Thank You! Questions? Comments? Suggestions? Liudmila.Kirpitchenko@monash.edu

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