Bottled Water and The Environment

1. Bottled Water and The Environment Outcomes of Lecture: You are consumers so you make decisions with your money. Bottled water makes a lot of money for big business. Manufacturing of plastic bottles uses lots of water. Bottled water is environmentally expensive to distribute. Free Lunch? - Bottled water dries up springs and rivers.

2. Park RecordPark City, Utah Oakley water 'special'By Patrick ParkinsonOf the Record staff Saturday, March 20, 2004 - A Park City water company will soon be bottling water from a spring in Oakley for sale to exclusive restaurants nationwide. Robert Sasser, a proprietor of Wasatch Ice Water Company, said based on carbon dating, the water is more than 21,000 years old. "It's a completely protected aquifer, which is very, very unusual, Sasser said. Oakley residents often call the water "dinosaur water or "the springs of eternal life, Sasser said. "There's no contaminates of any kind in the water, he said, adding that the water was discovered nearly 2,000 feet underground. Sasser said when marketed commercially, the Oakley water would be “the most expensive water in the United States.” "We just got the well about six years ago, Woolstenhulme said, adding that the city obtained water rights from the state to use the well water last year. The well is near land leased by the company.”

3. Bottled Water in U.S. • Americans shell out more than $10,000 "every minute of every day" or up to 30 cents for a glass of bottled water* • 1978 Consumption = 415 Million Gallons** • 2000s Consumption = 5.4 Billion Gallons** • Per capita consumption increased from 10.5 gallons in 1993 to 22.6 gallons in 2003.*** * Consumer Reports Magazine (2000) ** Water Follies (2002), ***msnbc (2005)

4. Who Drinks Bottled Water? • 60% Of Americans • 43 Billion 16 ounce bottles http://www.fda.gov/fdac/features/2002/402_h2o.html

5. Why Drink Bottled Water? www.toothpastefordinner.com/102002/ drink-bottled-water.gif

6. Bottled Water is Big Business • REVENUES (2003) • $7.7 Billion in US • $35 Billion Worldwide • (Beverage Marketing Corp.)

7. Who Are The Players? • 700 brands are sold in the United States • Aquafina = PepsiCo • Dasani = Coca-Cola • Deja Blue = Dr. Pepper/SevenUp • Nestle = Perrier and 72 brands in 160 countries • Dannon = Visit one of their plants at Mt. Shasta!

8. Who Is Perrier? “Perrier” = 32% of U.S Market • Arrowhead • Calistoga (Spring & Mineral) • Poland Spring • Ozarka • Ice Mountain • Deer Park • Perrier (Mineral Water)

9. Who is Dannon? No. 2 worldwide in bottled water • Evian • Volvic (Mineral Water) • Dannon Natural Spring Water (from Mt. Shasta) • Pure American • Enon Springs • Alhambra Junior Sport Drinking Water • Sparkletts Junior Sport Drinking Water

10. Who Dominates Market In Oregon? Nestle = 29% Crystal Geyser = 20% Pepsi = 20% Coca-Cola = 18% Others = EartH20 and other smaller bottlers who are our neighbors = 4%

11. Types of Bottled Water • Artesian Water/Artesian Well Water - Water from a well that taps an aquifer in which the water level stands at some height above the top of the aquifer. Not as valuable as Spring Water, but may be the same water. • Drinking Water - Water that is bottled sanitarily without added sweetners or chemical additives. Flavors, extracts, or essences may be added. • Mineral Water - Water containing no less than 250 parts per million total dissolved solids. Many times from a geothermal well or spring. • Purified Water - Water from which all minerals and any other solids have been removed. May also be called distilled, deionized, or reverse osmosis. • Sparkling Water - Water that after treatment and possible replacement with carbon dioxide. • Spring Water- Water derived from an underground formation from which water flows naturally to the surface of the earth. It must be collected only at the spring or through a bore hole tapping the underground formation. • Well Water - Water from a hole drilled in the ground which taps the water of an aquifer.  http://www.soc.duke.edu/~s142tm16/glossary.htm

12. Sources of Bottled Water

13. Premium Sources ($$) Cool & Geothermal Springs Periodic Spring, WY Thermopolis Hot Springs, WY

14. Bottled Water vs. Tap Water • Bottled water is alot more expensive than tap water. • Let’s go shopping and find out how much it costs: • Corvallis Tap Water = $0.03 to $0.05 per gallon • Brita Filter Pitcher ($25.00) and filter ($8.00) = the filter alone gets us to $0.10 to $0.12 /gal. • Vending Machine (BYOB): $0.30 to $0.40/gal • Bulk water (No Fancy Bottle): Treated Portland Water ($0.68/gal); Unknown Spring ($0.78/gal) • Bottled Waters: Mt. Shasta = $2.56/gal to Perrier = $5.03/gal Park City “Ice” Water = $18.00/gal • About one-fourth of bottled water is treated tap water. Aquafina = $3.77/gal Dasani = $3.38/gal Retail outlets charge upwards of $50,000 for shelf space, and make about 50% of the profits.

15. Bottled Water Regulations • Bottled water, unlike tap water provided by a utility, is considered a food. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) regulates bottled water. • EPA is responsible for the safety of drinking water from public water systems through SDWA. (Joe Gelt, Arroyo, 1996; IBWA, 2003)

16. Corvallis Water & SDWA

18. Corvallis Water & SDWA

19. What’s In Bottled Water? “Drink lots of water. Tap water is best, but if you must drink bottled water, do 60 extra sit-ups per day because bottled water contains an enzyme that produces more cellulite to the abdomen.” The Sarcasm Diet (2003)

20. Contaminants Found in Bottled Water? • 22% violated enforceable limits. • 17% violated guidelines. • Some waters exceeded both state limits and state guidelines, so the total that violated one or the other was 33% (NRDC, 1997-1999) Percentages indicate % of waters for which at least one test found containment. Number of waters tested: 103.

21. Is Bottled Water Safer? • In 1989 the Environmental Policy Institute concluded that bottled water is not necessarily any safer than tap water…due to bacterial growth in the water. • EPA's Office of Groundwater and Drinking Water, stresses that although studies are inconclusive on the issue, bacteria in bottled water doesn't seem to be a significant problem. (Critical thinking in action?) • February 1990, benzene, a chemical known to cause cancer in humans, was detected in bottles of Perrier at levels that exceeded by four times the EPA standards for tap water. Perrier recalled more than 170 million bottles as a result of the contamination • Perrier incident prompts U.S. General Accounting Office to charge the FDA with failing to set "adequate safety standards for chemical contamination of bottled water."

22. March 19, 2004

23. Is Bottled Water Safer? • In 1994, the FDA passed regulations that impose the same standards on bottled water as the EPA imposes on tap water. An exception is lead: lead content may not exceed 5 parts per billion in bottled water, whereas EPA limits lead in tap water to 15 parts per billion. • Bottled water may help to bypass other potential problems brought about by the practice of public water suppliers of adding chlorine to drinking water to remove bacteria. Although chlorine kills bacteria effectively, it can react with organic matter in water to form by-products such as trihalomethanes which have been linked to bladder and rectal cancers. Chlorine is not used as a disinfectant in bottled water.

24. Corvallis Water & SWDA

25. Bottled Water Environmental Problems • It takes 1,851 gallons of water to refine one barrel of crude oil.** • Twenty-four gallons of water are needed to make one pound of plastic. ** • 1.5 million tons of plastic used per year to make bottles for bottled water.*** • That’s 24gal/pd X 2000 pd/ton x 1.5 million tons = 72 billion gallons of water or 24 times the quantity of water used by the City of Corvallis every year to make bottles that are empty. **Emily Gersema, Associated Press (2003) ***FAO

26. Bottled Water Environmental Problems • Another look at the situation: • 1.5 million tons of plastic used per year to make bottles for bottled water. • American Plastics Association indicates that for every kilo (2.2 lbs.) of plastic used for PET bottled water bottles, it takes about 0.6 gallons of oil. • That’s…. • 1.5 M tons X 2000 lbs/ton X 0.3 gal/lb. X 1 bbl/42gal = 21.4 M bbl of oil to make empty PET bottles

27. Bottled Water Environmental Problems “…an immense waste of energy and plastic and resources if you consider the number of bottles that are made and transported and disposed of…” (NRDC) • US Consumes Equivalent of 43 Billion 16 ounce Polyester (PET) bottles • Only 16% of bottles get recycled in California, only 12% in US, yet the bottles can be recycled 20 to 30 times. • Recycling rate has fallen from 54% in 1994 to 19% in 2003 • Water Follies (2002), www.designinsite.dk, • msnbc, 2005 What about the landfill management problem? Try flattening a plastic bottle.

28. Bottled Water Environmental Solutions • Bottled water in “plastic” made from cornstarch which biodegrades. Sold at Wild Oats stores for $1.79.

29. Bottled Water Environmental Problems • “Tap water comes from underground pipes, while the manufacture, distribution and disposal of bottled water requires much more energy and fuel.”* • How is Bottled Water is distributed? • How are the bottles recycled or thrown away? (*BBC) (International Bottled Water Association)

30. Bottled Water Environmental Problems

31. Bottled Water Environmental Problems • The French company, Perrier - Vittel, bought the Buxton mineral water bottling plant in Britain's Peak District National Park 14 years ago when it produced half a million bottles a year. • Now production is up more than a hundred fold to 55 million. Today they bottle, ship and sell a quarter of the flow from the Buxton source - and demand is growing. BBC (2000)

32. Shifting international geography of the bottled water industry • In five years, bottled water consumption will be highest along the Pacific Rim. China is expecting large growth. Most of our recycled bottles go there. • Canada will continue to close the gap between them and France in imports. • Mexico also looks to be a place where many plants might decide to invest. • A decade ago, France was considered at the center of the industry, but as of 2000 the industry seems to heading in all directions. http://www.soc.duke.edu/~s142tm16/conclude.htm Projected Annual Growth in Consumption http://www.panda.org/downloads/freshwater/bottled_water.pdf

33. Conclusions • If the use of bottled water continues to increase at the current rate, the world will be in short supply in 22 years. • Bottled water isn't worth the price, especially considering that it must be purchased, transported, and stored by the consumer. • Canadian Armand-Frappier Institute indicates that municipalities should advertise the quality of their water the way bottled water companies do, because "North American tap water is the best you can get.“ (San Francisco is doing this using Hetch Hetchy Reservoir water)

34. Recommendations • If you must buy bottled water, look for “Purified” or “Well” water in Corvallis because it is just as pure, if not more pure, as a “Spring” Source. • Think about this…“Our consumer preferences for spring water, involve innocent choices made by individuals, but their cumulative impact has the potential to devastate springs and rivers” -Robert Glennon • Recycle your bottles. The plastics industry really does want your bottle back.

35. How much do YOU know about bottled water and the industry?(Take a true/false quiz to determine your water wisdom) 1. Nestle, famous for its chocolate products, owns the famous Perrier Group. 2. France has the strongest international presence and history in the bottled water industry. 3. Volvic and Evian are owned by the same company. 4. Purified drinking water is actually a special tap water. 5. The retailers make at least half of the profits along the supply chain. 6. Buying shelf space at the grocery store to sell a bottled water brand is around $50,000. 7. Europeans like more minerals in their water. 8. How bottled water is packaged (ie types of bottles) strongly determines its success. 9. FDA standards on water are not strictly enforced. 10. Bottled water labeled “Spring Water” can come from a well. 11. Bottled “Spring” water can impact springs that discharge to rivers. 12. Tap water in some cities may have more minerals than bottled water. 13. China's bottled water market is expected to grow by 150% in the next five years. Modified afterhttp://www.soc.duke.edu/~s142tm16/answers.htm

36. Thank You For Your Attention