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The Monsoon in India as a Spatio-Temporal Resource for Sustainable Landuse Manfred Domroes

The Monsoon in India as a Spatio-Temporal Resource for Sustainable Landuse Manfred Domroes Professor Dr. (Bonn, Geography/Meteorology) Dr.h.c. (Peradeniya University, Sri Lanka). Scientific biodata: 1959–65: University studies geography/meteorology, Münster and Bonn

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The Monsoon in India as a Spatio-Temporal Resource for Sustainable Landuse Manfred Domroes

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  1. The Monsoon in India as a Spatio-Temporal Resource for Sustainable Landuse Manfred Domroes Professor Dr. (Bonn, Geography/Meteorology) Dr.h.c. (Peradeniya University, Sri Lanka) DAAD Workshop New Delhi "INDIEN", 27. April 2007

  2. Scientific biodata: 1959–65: University studies geography/meteorology, Münster and Bonn 1965 Ph.D. University of Bonn 1965-72: Senior Research Fellow, South Asia Institute (Geography), Heidelberg 1972: Habilitation (Thesis on "The agroclimate of Ceylon/Sri Lanka") 1972-74: Professor of physical geography/climatology, Department of Geography, Aachen 1974…: Professor for physical geography/climatology, ecology and environment, and Director, Department of Geography, Mainz Honorary Professor, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing Guest Proessor, Fujian Normal University, China DAAD Workshop New Delhi "INDIEN", 27. April 2007

  3. The Monsoon(s) nature and character India/South Asia • equatorial Westerlies (summer) - wet • north-east Passates (winter) - dry (Flohn) Quelle: FLOHN, H. (1950, 1960) DAAD Workshop New Delhi "INDIEN", 27. April 2007

  4. Global Windsystems, January Quelle: Diercke Weltatlas (2002) DAAD Workshop New Delhi "INDIEN", 27. April 2007

  5. Windsystems South/Southeast Asia, January Quelle: Diercke Weltatlas (2002) DAAD Workshop New Delhi "INDIEN", 27. April 2007

  6. Global Windsystems, July Quelle: Diercke Weltatlas (2002) DAAD Workshop New Delhi "INDIEN", 27. April 2007

  7. Windsystems South/Southeast Asia, July Quelle: Diercke Weltatlas (2002) DAAD Workshop New Delhi "INDIEN", 27. April 2007

  8. All-India Precipitation, 1871-2000 Source: IITM (2006); D. Schaefer modified DAAD Workshop New Delhi "INDIEN", 27. April 2007

  9. Winter: December - February Pre-Monsoon: March - May Monsoon: June - September All-India Precipitation and Temperature, 1871-2000 Post-Monsoon: October - November Source: IITM (2006); D. Schafer modified DAAD Workshop New Delhi "INDIEN", 27. April 2007

  10. Winter: December – February 23 mm resp. 2 % Pre-Monsoon: March – May 95 mm resp. 9 % Monsoon: June – September 851 mm resp. 79 % All-India Precipitation and Temperature, 1871-2000 Post-Monsoon: October – November 109 mm resp. 10 % Mean Annual Total: 1.078 mm Source: IITM (2006); D. Schaefer modified DAAD Workshop New Delhi "INDIEN", 27. April 2007

  11. Source: ESRI (2005); D. Schaefer modified DAAD Workshop New Delhi "INDIEN", 27. April 2007

  12. Source: ESRI (2005); D. Schaefer modified DAAD Workshop New Delhi "INDIEN", 27. April 2007

  13. Source: ESRI (2005); D. Schaefer modified DAAD Workshop New Delhi "INDIEN", 27. April 2007

  14. Source: CRU (2003); D. Schaefer modified DAAD Workshop New Delhi "INDIEN", 27. April 2007

  15. Source: CRU (2003); D. Schaefer modified DAAD Workshop New Delhi "INDIEN", 27. April 2007

  16. Source: CRU (2003); D. Schaefer modified DAAD Workshop New Delhi "INDIEN", 27. April 2007

  17. Source: CRU (2003); D. Schaefer modified DAAD Workshop New Delhi "INDIEN", 27. April 2007

  18. Source: CRU (2003); D. Schaefer modified DAAD Workshop New Delhi "INDIEN", 27. April 2007

  19. Onset of Summer Monsoon Source: IMD (2006); D. Schaefer modified DAAD Workshop New Delhi "INDIEN", 27. April 2007

  20. Withdrawal of Summer Monsoon Source: IMD (2006); D. Schaefer modified DAAD Workshop New Delhi "INDIEN", 27. April 2007

  21. Variability of Onset of Summer Monsoon Onset in North Kerala Mittleres Datum: 1. Juni Std.abw.: 9,2 Tage 22. Juni 1972 8. Mai 1918 Source: Domroes, Schaefer DAAD Workshop New Delhi "INDIEN", 27. April 2007

  22. Inter-annual Variability of All-India Summer Monsoon Precipitation 1961 1877 Source: IITM (2006); D. Schaefer modified DAAD Workshop New Delhi "INDIEN", 27. April 2007

  23. Monsoon as a "resource" Blessing & benediction versus malediction & curse Basic rule: Monsoon precitipitation represents a limited, even insufficient resource for prosperous agricultural landuse. Hence, supplementary irrigation is required for flourishing landuse. DAAD Workshop New Delhi "INDIEN", 27. April 2007

  24. Bottle-necks of monsoon precipitation: • late onset - early withdrawal • as a result, length of rainy season shortened below the minimum length of the growth period for rainfed crops (> need of supplementary irrigation) • "failure" of the monsoon (= seriously below-normal monsoon precipitation) leading to drought(s) and famine(s) if no compensation by irrigation • deficient monsoon precipitation minimizes supply of irrigation water through surface-runoff and underground water aquifer (hence shrinking double-, or even triple-cropping system that is needfully necessary for self-sufficiency in food production, particularly in view of the heavy population load) • heavy precipitation also negatively affects landuse and crop production (rainstorms > floods, soil erosion and loss of fertile surface soil) DAAD Workshop New Delhi "INDIEN", 27. April 2007

  25. As a consequence: Monsoon precipitation must be well-balanced (= "normal" distribution over time and space) for optimum crop production in order to satisfy the demand for quality and quantity productivity DAAD Workshop New Delhi "INDIEN", 27. April 2007

  26. Trend of All-India Summer Monsoon Precipitation Source: IITM (2006); D. Schaefer modified DAAD Workshop New Delhi "INDIEN", 27. April 2007

  27. Trends of Annual Temperatures 1901-2000 1910-1945 1946-1975 1976-2000 IPCC (2001) DAAD Workshop New Delhi "INDIEN", 27. April 2007

  28. Trends of Seasonal Temperatures, 1976-2000 Dec.-Feb. Mar.-May Jun.-Aug. Sep.-Nov. IPCC (2001) DAAD Workshop New Delhi "INDIEN", 27. April 2007

  29. Global Climate Change – Future Scenarios IPCC, 2001 DAAD Workshop New Delhi "INDIEN", 27. April 2007

  30. Outlook Impact of warming on human environment & societies The most widely discussed topics and scientific concern are on: - sea level rise and vulnerability of human settlements in coastal/riverine locations, by innundation, coast erosion, groundwater salinization; increasing tidal flats and height/severity of tides - increasing extreme weather events, such as rainstorms, windstorms, floods and droughts, tornados and tropical cyclones, and hail - greater health risk by floods, water contamination and altered patterns of vector-bourne infectious deseases - great and costly extent of climate warming on urban settlement, for example, from overwhelmed urban storm drains and sewers during extreme rainfall events, particularly in low-lying urban areas and affecting most seriously marginal populations - negative climate change impact on urban construction and infrastructure/transportation by higher costs for disaster rehabilitation DAAD Workshop New Delhi "INDIEN", 27. April 2007

  31. Outlook Ultimate question: Adaptation of human environment and societies by sustainabledevelopment?! DAAD Workshop New Delhi "INDIEN", 27. April 2007

  32. Monsoon and Civilization (Yasuda, Shinde; New Delhi 2004) DAAD Workshop New Delhi "INDIEN", 27. April 2007

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