How can the damaging effect of a volcanic and earthquakes eruption be reduced?

1. How can the damaging effect of a volcanic and earthquakes eruption be reduced? Mr Fehrenbach April 2014

2. Learning Objectives • Consider a choice of actions to reduce the damaging effect of a volcanic eruption and earthquakes • Produce a Plan of Action and evaluate possible routes to re-direct the lava flow from Mount Etna • Produce a Poster to show what could be done in an earthquake

3. What can be done in advance? • What do you understand by the following terms? • Predict • Protect • Prepare How would you carry out these actions?

4. The Volcano Enquiry Read pages 44 to 45 from Interaction In pairs complete tasks 1) to 3) Feedback to the class your Evacuation Plan.

5. How can earthquake danger be reduced? Use the glossary to write out the meaning of the following key words. • Earthquake • Richter Scale • Seismograph Now copy out the summary and answer Q2 and 3 including poster from page 41

6. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 How can we measure earthquakes? The Richter Scale This measures the magnitude of a tremor (how powerful it is) using an instrument called aseismograph. On the Richter Scale, magnitude is expressed in whole numbers and decimal fractions. Although the Richter Scale has no upper limit, the largest known shocks have had magnitudes in the 8.8 to 8.9 range. It is a logarithmic scale which means that a size ‘6’ on the Richter Scale is 10 times larger than a size ’5’ and 100 times larger than a size ‘4’. RichterScale The largest earthquake ever recorded was in Chile. It measured 8.9 on the Richter Scale.

7. A seismograph

8. Epicentre and focus

9. Epicentre and focus An earthquake has occurred in this area. Which area (the town or the forest) will receive the stronger earthquake? Which area will receive more damage from the earthquake?

10. plan • protect • predict animals can act strangely before the earthquake foreshocks before the main quake can be detected by a seismometer How can we limit earthquake damage? water levels can rise in wells and lakes because of cracks in the rock a tiltmeter can check any movement within the rocks 1. predict

11. How can we limit earthquake damage? advise people to plan for an earthquake (eg tell them to turn off the gas, find a ‘safe’ place in their homes, pack an emergency kit) make an emergency plan 2. plan enforce regulations to make some buildings earthquake proof organize regular ‘earthquake practices’ for offices and schools What should people pack in their emergency kit? Design a poster reminding people what to do in an earthquake.

12. Building regulations in earthquake zones overlapping bricks strong lintels deep foundations What other measures would make buildings less likely to collapse in an earthquake?

13. Which shape of building would be most ‘earthquake proof’?

14. If the epicentre of an earthquake is at ‘A’, which settlement will be damaged the most? Give reasons for your answer.

15. Homework • Produce a poster which shows what actions could be taken to reduce the impact of an earthquake. • Include words and pictures of what equipment could be used