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Introduction to the Mainframe:

Introduction to the Mainframe:. Networking basics. Chapter 1. Mainframes and Networks. Objectives. Understand the role of the network in your company's business objectives and corporate infrastructure. After completing this chapter, you will be able to:

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Introduction to the Mainframe:

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  1. Introduction to the Mainframe: Networking basics

  2. Chapter 1 Mainframes and Networks

  3. Objectives • Understand the role of the network in your company's business objectives and corporate infrastructure. • After completing this chapter, you will be able to: • Explain the use of data networks in high volume industry transaction processing • List at least three typical advantages of a mainframe in network communications • Describe the role of a network administrator in a large network • List the major software components of the z/OS Communications Server.

  4. Key Terms • Connectivity • Integrated supply chain • Network • OSI • Extranet • Internet • Network Protocol • OSA • APPN • Fiber optics • Intranet • OLTP • Backbone • Infrastructure • Mainframe

  5. Mainframes, networks, and you • What is a network? • Definition depends on who is using the network • IT Professional • Engineer • Our definition of a network • Where are mainframes used today? • ATMs • Credit Card Payments • Online Purchasing

  6. Networks and online systems • Categories of Networks • Internet • Intranet • Extranet • Terminals • Online Transaction processing • Characteristics of OLTP • What activities add to network traffic?

  7. The importance of networks • Why are networks important? • Satisfy an objective or need. • Provide a means for transmitting data. • Accuracy and speed is essential to business • Numerous businesses depend on their networks. • Examples of mainframe-based networks • 1.4.1 ATM Cash withdrawal • 1.4.2 Credit purchase at a retail store • 1.4.3 Technology choices abound in network technology

  8. Who supports the network? • Separated into hardware and software • Network administrator is responsible for both • Responsibilities of a Network Administrator • Definition, maintenance, and modification of an existing z/Series network • Problem, isolation, and correction • Performance tuning • Capacity planning recommendations • Development of operational procedures • Training of network operators

  9. What are basic elements of a data network? • Basic elements are hardware, software, and protocols. • What is a network infrastructure? • Protocols • “Traffic Rules” of the network • Define how two devices in a network communicate • Layered network architecture model.

  10. Overview of System z network capabilities • System z is capable of handling many network nodes that are dispersed over a large area. • Internal network capabilities. • Guest machines • LPARs • Cluster • External network capabilities • TCP/IP applications, protocols, and equipment • Subarea System Network Architecture • Advanced Peer-to-Peer Networking • Integration of SNA into IP networks using EE

  11. z/OS Communication Server • Implements the SNA and TCP/IP protocols. • Provides a set of protocols to support peer-to-peer connectivity. • Performance enhancements that can benefit a variety of TCP/IP applications.

  12. SNA and TCP/IP on z/OS • What is SNA? • When were the protocols developed? • What is the advantage of SNA? • Why is TCP/IP more popular?

  13. Data integrity, security, and availability in a network • Data Integrity • Modification • Non-repudiation • Error-free transmission • Security • Procedures • Preventing unauthorized disclosure of transmitted data • Detecting unauthorized modification of data • Non-repudiation using proof of origin, receipt, and digital certificates. • Products • IBM Security Server and Commutations Server components include RACF and Farewell. • Communications server components include parameters to encrypt network traffic • Major IBM subsystems have security mechanisms. • Availability • Degree to which a system is ready when needed to process data. • Enhance availability through redundancy. • Parallel Sysplex

  14. Summary • A network is the hardware and software that enables computers to share files and resources and exchange data. • To support changing requirements protocols such as SNA and TCP/IP can be combined to optimize performance. • z/OS network capability includes a fully-featured communications server with integration of SNA and TCP/IP protocols. • Many technologies exists to protect data between the server and authorized clients.

  15. Chapter 2 Network Protocols

  16. Objectives • This chapter discusses various networking protocols.

  17. Network protocols • Point to point - direct link between two hosts • Point to multipoint - direct link from one point to many others • Broadcast - multi-access with ability to address all hosts on the network • Local Area Network - LAN segment • Wide Area Network (WAN)

  18. Local Area Network (LAN) Ethernet • Ethernet is believed to consist of 90% of network installations. • Standard defined in 1985 known as IEEE 802.3 • CSMA/CD access method • Ethernet 10 mbps • Fast Ethernet 100 mbps • Dual Speed Products • Gigabit Ethernet • Retains the standard 10/100 base-T and CSMA/CD but it uses the fiber channel’s physical layer as the underlying transport mechanism • Full Duplex does not require the CSMA/CD scheme, but retains support for the Ethernet frame format.

  19. Wide area networking • Network Interface Card (NIC) • Wide Area Networking (WAN) • The subscriber loop • What is a subscriber loop? • Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line (ADSL) • Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) • ISDN Basic rate interface (BRI) • ISDN primary rate interface (PRI) • WAN Connection type • Point to Point • Circuit switching • T1/E1 • Packet switching • Frame relay

  20. Network routing • Static - manual entry of routes into a table • Dynamic – populating routing tables by protocols • Routing Information Protocol (RIP) • Open Shortest Path First (OSPF)

  21. Security • Firewalls and gateways • Security protocols • Protection

  22. Summary • Understand the terminology • Understand the layers • physical layer • data link layer (Ethernet) • network layer (IP and routing) • transport layer (TCP and UDP)

  23. Chapter 3 Network Hardware on the Mainframe

  24. Objectives • Understand the different types of network links • Explain why OSA-Express is the future direction for network connectivity • Set the different OSA modes • Explain how to associate protocols with the OSA-Express

  25. Key Terms • Osd • Ccl • Parallel • OSA • LPAR • NCP • HiperSocket • Escon • Ose • VLAN • Qdio • Escon Converter

  26. The System z channel subsystem and network links • Each server has a channel subsystem • The CSS allows channel I/O operations to continue independently of other operations. • The purpose is to permit a z990 system to have more than 256 channels • Components • Logical partition name • Logical partition identifier • MIF Image ID • Physical Channel ID • Channel ID • Control Unit • I/O Device

  27. The System z channel subsystem and network links

  28. Hardware channels • Parallel Channel • Byte Multiplexer • Block Multiplexer • Enterprise System Connectivity Channel

  29. Hardware channels • Open Systems Adapter • Integrates several hardware features and supports many networking transport protocols • Three main versions • OSA-Express 2 • OSA-Express • OSA-2 • QDIO verses non-QDIO • QDIO incorporates a number of features: • LPAR-to-LPAR • DMA (Direct Access Memory) • Priority queuing • Enhanced IP network availability • VLAN Support • ARP Takeover • Communication Controller for LINUX (CCL)

  30. HiperSockets • Provides high-speed TCP/IP connectivity within a Central Electronics Complex. • Based on the OSA-Express queued direct input/output protocol. • HiperSockets with CHIPD FC • HiperSockets with CHPID FD • HiperSockets with CHPID FE • HiperSockets with CHIPID FF

  31. Summary The mainframe originally relied upon the channel subsystem to offload I/O processing to channel programs. DASD is still accessed using FICON and ESCON channels, but for networking connectivity, OSA-Express cards offer better performance and availability.

  32. Chapter 4 Sample Configuration

  33. Objectives • The objective of this chapter is to provide an introduction to the type of System z networking components and environment that many organizations deploy • After completing this chapter, you will be able to: • List the components of a typical System z networking infrastructure • Give three reasons why organizations implement this type of configuration.

  34. Key Terms • RAS • Service Level Agreement (SLA) • Stub Area • Sysplex • Switch • VIPA • VTAM • CF • CICS • CPC • DB2 • LPAR • OSA • OMPROUTE

  35. Example case • Requirements for a reliable network • The ZOS Company data center • Processing is divided up physically by central processor complexes and logically by logical partitions. • Production LPAR • Development LPAR • Systems programming LPAR • Fencing off the Production LPARs • Key mainframe network availability aspects • Reliability, availability, serviceability (RAS) • Component Failure • Dual and Diverse Paths • Performance • Failure Process • Security • Scalability • Continuing compatibility • Evolving architecture

  36. Continued • Hardware Availability • Switches • OSA Cards • CPC • Coupling Facility • Software Availability • OSPF • TCP/IP • VTAM

  37. Summary • Organizations run many of their mission-critical applications on System z and system availability is a key factor in maintain an organization’s business. • Key Points • Most organizations will have two central processor complexes (CPCs) to allow for scheduled and unscheduled outages • Most organizations will have a geographically isolated site to allow for a disaster recover situations • OSA card can be shared among LPARs on a CPC. • TCP/IP VIPAs are not associated with a physical interface and assist in maintaining availability for applications and users.

  38. Chapter 5 TCP/IP on z/OS

  39. Objectives • After completing this chapter, you will be able to: • Explain the usage of the TCP/IP profile configuration file • Explain the basics of FTP and telnetd server configuration • Discuss the options for resolver configuration • List some of the most common client applications

  40. Key Terms • Inetd • Trace Route • Receive buffer size • FTPD • EBCDIC • netstat • TCP/IP Profile • Send buffer size • Otelnetd • ASCII • Datagram Forwarding • Window Size

  41. The heart of the matter • The TCP/IP daemon implements the IP protocol tack and runs a huge number of IP applications to the same specifications as any other operating system might do. • Control issues and the stack • A TCP/IP started task when started as a program using JCL uses a level of configurability that can’t be matched in a daemon environment. • Example: You can support more than one instance of a TCP/IP started task. • An IPv6 apology • This book uses IPv4, but System z fully supports IPv6.

  42. The TCP/IP Profile • Sample JCL for TCP/IP task //TCPIP   PROC //TCPIP   EXEC PGM=EZBTCPIP, //PROFILE DD DISP=SHR,DSN=SYS1.PARMLIB(PROFILE) //SYSTCPD DD DISP=SHR,DSN=SYS1.PARMLIB(TCPDATA)

  43. The TCP/IP Profile • Profile Statements • Link Configuration Defining links, LPAR 1 DEVICE OSAEDEV1 MPCIPA PRIROUTER LINK OSAELNK1 IPAQENET OSAEDEV1 DEVICE OSAEDEV2 MPCIPA PRIROUTER LINK OSAELNK2 IPAQENET OSAEDEV2 DEVICE VIPADEV1 VIRTUAL 1 LINK VIPALNK1 VIRTUAL 1 VIPADEV1 HOME 201.2.11.9 VIPALNK1   201.2.11.1 OSAELNK1   201.2.11.2 OSAELNK2

  44. The TCP/IP Profile • IP Configuration • TCP Configuration • TCPMAXRCVBUFRSIZE • TCPRCVBUFRSIZE • TCPSENDBFRSIZE • Static Routing Information • Automated IP Application Monitoring

  45. The FTP Server • Information that can be controlled in the FTP.DATA set. • Banner Page • Anonymous Configuration • Data Set Defaults • Tracing and Logging • File System • SSL/TLS • JES and DB2 environments • Character Sets • MVS and its UNIX subset

  46. The telnet daemon • Two telnet Servers available in the z/OS environment: • TN3270 – supports line mode telnet, but is primarily used to support the TN3270 Enhanced Protocol • Z/OS UNIX Telnet server is a line mode server only. • What is inetd? • Character sets

  47. A good resolver is hard to find • The resolver configuration file defines the operating characteristics of IP applications. • Sample resolver configuration file DOMAIN XYZ.COM • HOSTNAME MAINFRAME • NAMESERVER 200.1.1.1 200.1.1.2 • TCPIPJOBNAME TCPIP • Searching for resolver configuration information • Resolver configuration parameters can be placed in the obvious location: /etc/resolv.conf • Resolver configuration parameter can be placed in a file allocated to STSTCPD • Resolver address space • The multi-stock environment

  48. TCP/IP clients • IP applications supported by z/OS • FTP • telnet • Ping • Tracerte or traceroute • Snmp • Netstat • Character sets

  49. Summary • The TCP/IP started task is the engine that drives all IP based activity on z/OS. • The TCP/IP profile data set controls the configuration of the TCP/IP environment. • The FTP server implements the FTP standard and can communicate with any FTP clients on the network. • IP applications running on z/OS use a resolver configuration file for environmental values. • TCP/IP on z/OS support all of the well known server and client applications

  50. Chapter 6 TCP/IP in a sysplex

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