Chapter 1: The new mainframe

1. Chapter 1: The new mainframe Special Edition Smarter … … systems … software … storage … services Redbook Copy

2. Chapter 1 objectives • After completing this chapter, you will be able to: • List ways in which the mainframes of today challenge the traditional thinking about • centralized computing versus distributed computing. • Explain how businesses make use of mainframe processing power, the • typical uses of mainframes, and how mainframe computing differs from • other types of computing. • Outline the major types of workloads for which mainframes are best suited. • Name five jobs or responsibilities that are related • to mainframe computing. • Identify four mainframe operating systems. • Describe how IBM zEnterprise System is used • to address IT problems.

3. 7th April 1964, Poughkeepsie NY • A new generation of electronic computing equipment was introduced today by International Business Machines Corporation. IBM Board Chairman Thomas J. Watson Jr. called the event the most important product announcement in the company's history. • The new equipment is known as the IBM System/360. • "System/360 represents a sharp departure from concepts of the past in designing and building computers. It is the product of an international effort in IBM's laboratories and plants and is the first time IBM has redesigned the basic internal architecture of its computers in a decade. The result will be more computer productivity at lower cost than ever before. This is the beginning of a new generation - - not only of computers - - but of their application in business, science and government."

4. It is our intention to… The Mainframe Charter – Providing a Strategic Framework • Innovation • Provide leadership in innovation to enhance the use of the IBM mainframe to support increasingly integrated and flexible business processes for the On Demand Business.* • Value • Enhance the value proposition and lower the cost of computing of mainframe solutions in a way that is compelling, clear, and consistent.* • Community • Support programs designed to foster vitality in the IBM mainframe community, helping to promote a strong application portfolio and world-class support services.* * Excerpted from the Mainframe Charter – August 2003

5. zEnterprise and zBX z/Architecture – 64 bits CMOS – Parallel Sysplex HW S/360 S/370 S/370XA – 31 bits ESA/390 zAAP zIIP EAV 1964 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 MVT, PCP MFT VSE MVS – VTAM MVS/XA z/OS VM z/VM z/VSE Appliances Optimizers MVS/ESA OS/390 VSE/ESA Unix System Services TCP/IP SW WebSphere ServerPac, Unicode Java XML z/OSMF IMS CICS DB2 Linux z/OS Innovation – Redefining the mainframe for 5 decades! Model z196 zBX

6. Mainframes in our midst • Mainframes: • Are prevalent, yet hidden from public eye • Not often publicized – stable, reliable, dependable. • Contrast with other forms of computing, such as PCs. • Present opportunities for college graduates in a variety of technical fields. • Exploits hybrid computing capabilities for centralized • business requirements

7. Model z196 zBX What is a mainframe? • A mainframe is a computing system that businesses use to host the commercial databases, transaction servers, and applications that require a greater degree of security and availability than is commonly found on smaller-scale machines. • The power of a mainframe provides computing speed and capacity, enabling it to perform high volumes of processing. • The mainframe can process a mixed workload of jobs from different time zones and of different types concurrently. • The mainframe offers optional appliances to offload workload to optimize throughput and cost savings.

8. Model z196 zBX Mainframe Attributes: • Compatibility with System z operating systems, applications, and data. • Centralized control of resources. • Hardware and operating systems that can share access to disk drives with other systems, with automatic locking and protection against destructive simultaneous use of disk data. • A style of operation, often involving dedicated operations staff who use detailed operations procedure books and highly organized procedures for backups, recovery, training, and disaster recovery at an alternative location. • Hardware and operating systems that routinely work • with hundreds or thousands of simultaneous I/O operations. • Hybrid workload computing

9. Mainframe facts • Who uses mainframes? • Most Fortune 1000 companies use a mainframe environment • 60% of all data available on the Internet is stored on mainframe computers • Why mainframes? • Large-scale transaction processing • Thousands of transactions per second • Support thousands of users and application programs • Simultaneously accessing resources • Terabytes of information in databases • Large-bandwidth communications Model z196 zBX

10. Who uses mainframe computers? • Businesses today rely on the mainframe to: • Perform large-scale transaction processing (thousands of transactions per second) • Support thousands of users and application programs concurrently accessing • numerous resources Z196: Each PU chip has up to four cores running at 5.2 GHz, which means a 0.19 ns cycle time. Business Class (BC) Enterprise Class (EC)

11. Model z196 zBX Factors contributing to mainframe use • The reasons for mainframe use are many, but most generally fall into one or • more of the following categories: • Reliability, availability, and serviceability (RAS) • Security • Scalability • Continuing compatibility • Evolving architecture • Extensibility • Total cost of ownership • Environment friendly

12. While batch processing is possible on distributed systems, it is not as commonplace as it is on mainframes because distributed systems often lack: • Sufficient data storage • Available processor capacity, or cycles • Sysplex-wide management of system resources and job scheduling Typical mainframe workloads

13. While batch processing is possible on distributed systems, it is not as commonplace as it is on mainframes because distributed systems often lack: • Sufficient data storage • Available processor capacity, or cycles • Sysplex-wide management of system resources and job scheduling • Strong I/O subsystem • Batch processes typically have the following characteristics: • Large amounts of input data are processed and stored (perhaps terabytes or more), • large numbers of records are accessed, and a large volume of output is produced. • Immediate response time is usually not a requirement. However, batch jobs • often must complete within a “batch window,” a period of less-intensive online • activity, as prescribed by a service level agreement (SLA). • Information is generated about large numbers of users or data entities • (for example, customer orders or a retailer’s stock on hand). • A scheduled batch process can consist of the execution of hundreds or • thousands of jobs in a pre-established sequence.

14. Typical batch use 1. At night, numerous batch jobs running programs and utilities are processed. These jobs consolidate the results of the online transactions that take place during the day. 2. The batch jobs generate reports of business statistics. 3. Backups of critical files and databases are made before and after the batch window. 4. Reports with business statistics are sent to a specific area for analysis the next day. 5. Reports with exceptions are sent to the branch offices. 6. Monthly account balance reports are generated and sent to all bank customers. 7. Reports with processing summaries are sent to the partner credit card company. 8. A credit card transaction report is received from the partner company. 9. In the production control department, the operations area is monitoring the messages on the system console and the execution of the jobs. 10.Jobs and transactions are reading or updating the database (the same one that is used by online transactions) and many files are written to tape. Attention: Today’s mainframe can run standard batch processing such as COBOL as well as UNIX and Java programs. These runtimes can execute either as standalone or participate collaboratively within a single jobstream. This makes batch processing extremely flexible integrating different execution environments centrally on a single server.

15. Online transactions are familiar to most people - • Examples include: • ATM machine transactions such as deposits, withdrawals, inquiries, and transfers • Supermarket payments with debit or credit cards • Purchase of merchandise over the Internet • For example, inside a bank branch office or on the Internet, customers are using online services when checking an account • balance or directing fund balances. • In fact, an online system performs many of the same functions as an operating system: • Managing and dispatching tasks • Controlling user access authority to system resources • Managing the use of memory • Managing and controlling simultaneous access to data files • Providing device independence • How might the end users in these industries interact with their mainframe systems? • Multiple factors can influence the design of a company’s transaction processing system, including: • Number of users interacting with the system at any one time. • Number of transactions per second (TPS). • Availability requirements of the application. • For example, must the application be available 24 hours a day, seven days a week, or can it be brought down briefly • one night each week?

16. Online transactions usually have the following characteristics: • A small amount of input data, a few stored records accessed and processed, and a small • amount of data as output • Immediate response time, usually less than one second • Large numbers of users involved in large numbers of transactions • Round-the-clock availability of the transactional interface to the user • Assurance of security for transactions and user data • Logging and journaling for backup and recovery

17. Typical online use 1. A customer uses an ATM, which presents a user-friendly interface for various functions: withdrawal, query account balance, deposit, transfer, or cash advance from a credit card account. 2. Elsewhere in the same private network, a bank employee in a branch office performs operations, such as consulting, working with fund applications, and money ordering. 3. At the bank’s central office, business analysts tune transactions for improved performance. Other staff use specialized online systems for office automation to perform customer relationship management, budget planning, and stock control. 4. All requests are directed to the mainframe computer for processing. 5. Programs running on the mainframe computer perform updates and inquiries to the database management system (for example, DB2). 6. Specialized disk storage systems store the database files.

18. Speciality engines to characterize workload z/OS LPAR WAS Application zAAP TCP/IP HiperSockets z/OS LPAR All of the IBM System z specialty engines can operate on the same machine together DRDA DB2 WAS Application Application Application not on System z D R D A TCP/IP Star Schema zAAP CP zIIP DRDA TCP/IP HiperSockets Linux on System z LPAR Application ICF IFL

19. The zIIP and the zAAP The zIIP is a chip that's really hip. The MIP on a zIIP is not charged full clip. The zIIP (like the zAAP) will benefit the app. The zIIP and the zAAP will make pricing a snap. by Dr. zEUSS

20. On/Off Capacity on Demand - Temporary upgrade Non-disruptive temporary addition of CPs, IFLs, ICFs zAAPs and zIIPs Upgrades requiring parts (e.g., for a z9 EC Model S08 to S18 upgrade) not supported "Right to use" feature - Orderable as MES or with new build to initiate contract and administrative setup Customer orders and installs upgrade via Resource Link and IBM RSF Non-disruptive removal when capacity is no longer wanted Break even point is 90 days CIU – Customer Initiated Upgrade - Express - Permanent upgrade Customer capability to order and install permanent upgrade Not included Upgrades requiring parts (e.g., for a z9 EC Model S08 to S18 upgrade) Channel upgrades by LIC enable of existing ports CIU feature - MES ordered to initiate contract and administrative setup Customer orders and installs upgrade via Resource Link and IBM RSF CBU – Capacity BackUp - Temporary emergency capacity upgrade Non-disruptive temporary addition of CPs, IFL, ICF, zAAPs, zIIPs in an emergency situation CBU contract required to order CBU features and CBU LIC CC Customer activates upgrade for test or temporary emergency Concurrent downgrade after test or recovery completed System zConcurrent Upgrade – Customer Controlled Note: Upgrades are non-disruptive only where there is sufficient hardware resource available and provided pre-planning has been done

22. Mainframe Operating System Heritage • OS/360 -> OS/VS -> MVS/SP -> MVS/XA -> MVS/ESA -> OS/390 -> z/OSz/OS is IBM’s premier zSeries operating system, is a highly secure, scalable, high-performance enterprise operating system on which to build and deploy traditional and Java-enabled applications, providing a comprehensive and diverse application execution environment. • DOS/360 -> DOS/VS -> VSE/SP -> VSE/ESA -> z/VSEVSE enables proven, robust, and cost-effective solutions. VSE provides sturdy batch and industrial strength on-line transaction processing (CICS) capabilities. VSE can fit comfortably into a legacy of thrifty, dependable VSE solutions. • ACP -> TPF-> z/TPF • TPF is the platform driving the business-critical systems for many of IBM's largest and most sophisticated users of online transaction processing - airlines, railroads, hotels, financial services, government, credit card and banking industries. • CP/67 -> VM/370 -> VM/SP -> VM/XA -> VM/ESA -> z/VMz/VM provides a highly flexible test and production environment for enterprises deploying the latest e-business solutions. z/VM helps enterprises meet their growing demands for multi-user server solutions with support for a broad range of operating systems.

23. Model z196 zBX For the first time it is possible to deploy an integrated hardware platform that brings mainframe and distributed technologies together, producing a system that can start to replace individual islands of computing and that can work to reduce complexity, improve security, and bring applications closer to the data they need. Introducing the IBM zEnterprise System ENSEMBLE – A collection of one or more zEnterprise nodes (including any attached zBX) that are managed as a single logical virtualized system by the Unified Resource Manager, through the use of a Hardware Management Console (HMC). xHyp = Hypervisor for System x pHyp = Hypervisor for System p PR/SM = Processor Resource Systems Manager SE = Support Element AMM = Advance Management Module ISS = Integrated Support Services DP = Data Power HPC = High Performance Computing DWA = Data Warehouse Acceleration

24. zEnterprise Value Proposition Networking Workloads Workloads Networking Workloads Workloads Networking Centralized platform and structured practices minimize labor costs Fit for Purpose minimizes cost of acquisition and preserves quality of service 25

25. Model z196 zBX Summary • The New Mainframe: • Plays a central role in the daily operations of the world’s largest organizations – and the daily lives of most people. • Is known for its reliability, security, and enormous processing capabilities. • Is designed for processing large scale workloads and serving thousands of • users and transactions concurrently. • Is managed by highly skilled technical support staff. • Runs a variety of operating systems. • Can execute hybrid and complex transaction types.

26. 1.13 Questions for review To help test your understanding of the material in this chapter, perform the following tasks: 1. List ways in which the mainframe of today challenges the traditional thinking about centralized computing versus distributed computing. 2. Explain how businesses make use of mainframe processing power, and how mainframe computing differs from other types of computing. 3. List some of the factors that contribute to mainframe use. 4. List three strengths of mainframe computing, and outline the major types of workloads for which mainframes are best suited. 5. Name five jobs or responsibilities that are related to mainframe computing. 6. This chapter mentioned at least five operating systems that are used on the mainframe. Choose three of them and describe the main characteristics of each one.

27. 1.14 Topics for further discussion Here are topics for further discussion: 1. What is a mainframe today? How did the term arise? Is it still appropriate? 2. Why is it important to maintain system compatibility for older applications? Why not simply change existing application programming interfaces whenever improved interfaces become available? 3. Describe how running a mainframe can be cost effective, given the largenumber of roles needed to run a mainframe system. 4. What characteristics, good or bad, exist in a mainframe processing environment because of the roles that are present in a mainframe shop? (Efficiency? Reliability? Scalability?) 5. Describe some similarities and differences between application development for mainframe systems compared to other systems. 6. Most mainframe shops have implemented rigorous systems management, security, and operational procedures. Have these same procedures been implemented in distributed system environments? Why or why not? 7. Can you find examples of mainframe use in your everyday experiences? Describe them and the extent to which mainframe processing is apparent to users. Examples might include the following: a. Popular websites that rely on mainframe technology as the back-end server to support online transactions and databases. b. Multitiered applications that interface with mainframe resources. c. Mainframes used in your locality. These might include banks and financial centers, major retailers, transportation hubs, and the health and medical industries. 8. Can you find examples of distributed systems in everyday use? Could any of these systems be improved through the addition of a mainframe? How? 9. How is today’s mainframe environment-friendly? Discuss with examples.