Restless Earth Topic 1

1. Structure of the earth Type of Crust LEDC Thinner, less dense /lighter Oceanic MEDC Restless Earth Topic 1 Case Studies Predict, prepare, relief Continental Volcanoes made up of alternating layers of lava and ash. Eruptions are explosive/ pyroclastic, hot steam, ash, rock and dust Thicker, less dense /lighter Plate boundaries Types Constructive plate boundaries: Composite Convection currents: current in the mantel that move plates Destructive plate boundaries: Shield Conservative plate boundaries: Plates pushing together Plates rubbing past each other They are low, with gently sloping sides. They are formed by eruptions of thin, runny lava. Eruptions tend to be frequent but relatively gentle Plates pulling apart

2. Destructive plate boundary

3. Destructive plate boundary Continental and Continental plates push together – creating fold mountains Oceanic plate and Continental plates push together, creating volcanoes Example: Nazca and South American plates

4. Constructive plate boundary

5. Plates pull apart creating volcanoes and earthquakes EXAMPLE: Eurasian and North American Plates

6. Conservative Plate Boundary

7. Plates push past each other. They can be traveling in different directions Or in the same direction but one is faster than the other. Cause Earthquakes Example north American plate and the pacific plate

8. Plate boundaries

9. Constructive Plate Boundary Destructive Plate Boundary Conservative Plate Boundary

10. The structure of the earth What are the layers of the earth How hot are they Are they solid or liquid

11. 4 layers • The inner core is in the centre and is the hottest part of the Earth. It is solid and made up of iron and nickel with temperatures of up to 5,500°C. With its immense heat energy, the inner core is like the engine room of the Earth. • The outer core is the layer surrounding the inner core. It is a liquid layer, also made up of iron and nickel. It is still extremely hot, with temperatures similar to the inner core. • The mantle is the widest section of the Earth. It has a diameter of approximately 2,900 km. The mantle is made up of semi-molten rock called magma. In the upper parts of the mantle the rock is hard, but lower down the rock is soft and beginning to melt. • The crust is the outer layer of the earth. It is a thin layer between 0-60 km thick. The crust is the solid rock layer upon which we live.

12. Shield Volcanoe

13. They are low, with gently sloping sides. They are formed by eruptions of thin, runny lava. Eruptions tend to be frequent but relatively gentle Example: Hawaii

14. Composite volcano

15. Composite Volcanoes are made up of alternating layers of lava and ash. Eruptions are explosive/ pyroclastic, hot steam, ash, rock and dust Example: Mount Pinatubo Philippines

16. Earthquake

17. Movement of ground cases by release of energy from a sudden shift of rocks in the earths crust

18. Epicentre

19. The point below Earths surface where movement of rock produces an earthquake

20. Focus

21. The point below earth’s surface where movement of rock produces a earthquake

22. Aftershock

23. A smaller earthquake that occurs after a larger earthquake

24. Magnitude

25. The measurement of the total strength or amount of energy release by an earthquake

26. Richter scale

27. A measurement of the magnitude of an earthquake based on the readings of a seismography. It ranges from 0-9. (each number represents a 10 fold increase in ground motion)