Presented by:

1. Control of tsetse Trypanosome Disease in African Country • Presented by: FeizalHousseinIye • supervised by: Dr. Mohammad DiyaObeidat

2. Tsetse fly: • Tsetse- transmitted trypanosome infections of Animal and Human occur across large of 8.7 million km2(tropical and sub-tropical ) sub-Sahran Africa and are major cause of ill- health and death. • In Animal diseas is known as (AAT) or nagana. • In human diseas in known as (HAT)or. Sleeping sickness

3. Over 60 million people mainly living in rural areas of affected African countries, are at risk of (HAT). • Approximately 50 million cattle are at risk of the disease and causes : -depressed productivity . -poor growth rated. -reduced calving rates. -lowered milk production.

5. The major pathogenic species in humans are: • Trypanosomabruceigambiense (West and Central Africa). • Trypanosomabruceirhodesiense(occurs mainly in East Africa) Smith and Bailey,1997;Maclean et al.,2004

8. Animal African Trypanosomiasis caused by: • T.congolense • T.vivax • T.brucei sp. • Occurs in 37 countries resulting in a risk to approximately 60 million cattle living over 7 million km2. Peter Homes.,2013 David courtinet al ., 2008

9. N’DAMA Bostaurus Have the ability to better control disease develoment and therefore to remain productive than other taurine breeds.(zebu,bosindicus)

10. ITS HAVE ANOTHER NAMES : • Boenca or Boyenca (Guinea-Bissau), • Fouta Jallon, Fouta Longhorn, Fouta Malinke,Futa, Malinke, Mandingo (Liberia),  • N'Dama Petite (Senegal)

11. N’Damais a hardy breed of cattle indigenous to the Fouta-Djallon highlands in the West African country of Guinea. N’Dama cows were domesticated around 8,000 years ago in the region and they have evolved to be resistant to local diseases and parasites. The breed is common throughout West and Central Africa, especially in areas infested by the tsetse fly —an insect known to transmit disease to both humans and livestock. According to the FAO, there are approximately seven millionhead  of N’Dama cattle. Van Lancker et al.,1988

12. N’dama have ability to better control the develoment of the disease than others. • the capacity to better control the infection and disease in cattle,demonstrated to have major gentic components , was called trypanotolerance and was defined as the trait that confers the capacity to survive and remain productive despite a still active trypanosome transmission in endemic areas. Murray et al., 1982

13. the ability to control anaemia is associated with haematopoietic cells but is linked to neither T cells nor antibody responses

14. Control and treatment. • Control of the disease in man depends on monitoring and surveillance for infection and the treatment of infected cases. This may be combined with local tsetse control measures. In livestock control is usually carried out over wider areas and involves disease monitoring, the use of curative and prophylactic trypanocidal drugs and area-wide tsetse control. The latter ideally should involve an integrated tsetse control programme using a variety of methods

15. In West Africa, several breeds of cattle have been identified that show innate resistance to trypanosomiasis which is commonly referred to as ‘trypanotolerance’. The most well-known of these breeds is the N’dama and these cattle play a valuable role in reducing the need for trypanocidal drugs in this region. In regions of very tsetse challenge trypanotolerant livestock can be the only option available for farmers.

16. The set of available, technically feasible and environmentally acceptable tsetse control and elimination tactics currently includes: 1-The sequential aerosol technique (SAT), i.e. 2-The live bait technique, 3-The artificial bait system, 4-The sterile insect technique(SIT)