Seismology and Heat-Flow Instrument Package for Lunar Science and Hazards .

1. Seismology and Heat-Flow Instrument Package for Lunar Science and Hazards. • Team Members • Paul D. Lowman (GSFC/698) Co-Investigator • Scott Mest-(PSI/GSFC/698) Collaborator • Bruce Milam- (GSFC/605) Co-Investigator • Seiichi Nagihara (Texas Tech University) Co-Investigator • Yosio Nakamura (University of Texas/Austin) Collaborator • Patrick Taylor (GSFC/698) Principal Investigator • Objectives and Expected Significance • The objectives of this research are to develop detailed conceptual plans for measurement of internal lunar heat flow and seismicity to investigate the origin and internal structure of the moon, and develop technology for drilling holes several meters deep to accomplish these measurements.

2. Sortie Science: Heat Flow and Seismicity

3. Variables in Experimental Planetology • Mass • Position in the solar system • Bulk composition • Atmosphere • Water • Internal heat • Impact history • Life

4. Possible Landing Sites and Scientific Analyses: Polar • Seismology: Determine structure of interior with respect to impact basins (SPA, Humboldtianum) Evaluate presence of seismically active zones • Heat Flow: Evaluate effects of impact basins on thermal gradient Assess thermal properties of regolith How effective is regolith as insulating material for lunar habitation modules? Clementine UVVIS 750 nm mosaic

5. Possible Landing Sites and Scientific Analyses: Impact crater ejecta and floors • Seismology: Evaluate presence of seismically active zones; hazard assessment • Heat Flow: Evaluate heat flow at various locations within craters (ejecta, rim, floor) Comparitive study of different aged craters and within different regions Copernican Copernicus, Tycho (N), Sharonov (F) Eratosthenian Eratosthenes (N), Birkeland (F) Upper Imbrian Piccolomini (N), Antoniadi (F) Lower Imbrian Petavius (N), Schrödinger (F), Orientale Nectarian Nectaris (N), Korolev (F) Aristarchus Marius Copernicus Kepler Clementine UVVIS 750 nm mosaic Image extent (for all): North: 36.0° South: -1.8° West: -56.1° East: -8.0° Clementine UVVIS color ratio R=750/415 nm, G=750/950 nm, B=414/750 nm Clementine UVVIS color mosaic R=1000 nm, G=900 nm, B=415 nm

6. Possible Landing Sites and Scientific Analyses: Volcanic • Aristarchus Plateau: Mare basalts overlain by 10-30 m dark pyroclastic deposits [McEwen et al., 1994] High Th content (LP GRS) Plateau dissected by ~36 sinuous rilles [Whitford-Stark and Head, 1977] Location of Transient Lunar Phenomena; suggests activity • Marius Hills: Low Th content (LP GRS) 100+ domes and cones; ~20 sinuous rilles [Weitz and Head, 1998] Located in western PKT; believed to be unique long-lived volcanic centers with multiple high-effusion-rate, high-volume eruptions; crust beneath two regions thickened by ~10 km relative to surrounding maria. Oceanus Procellarum Marius Aristarchus • Seismic: Evaluate presence of seismically active zones and possibility of near-surface magma bodies; hazard assessment • Heat Flow: Evaluate heat flow at various locations - interior / mare- highland; high-KREEP / low-KREEP • Comparative study of different aged mare deposits

7. Issues for Lunar Applications • Vacuum operation • High Voltage Corona • Power During the Lunar Night • Conduction and Radiative cooling only • Dusty Environment • Waterless Drilling Medium • Minimal information on Drilling Medium • Cost of tool transportation to the lunar orbit • Manned rating for Crew operations • Autonomous Drilling is Difficult • 1/6 g Limited Drill Force Reaction • Bit Cutting Removal Without Gas or Fluids • Core removal for Core Drills • Torque Reaction • Requirements Very Different from Mars

8. Drill Types • Percussion • Low frequency • Sonic • Rotary • Combination Rotary Percussion • Down Hole Motor • Core Drills • Undisturbed • Cuttings

9. History of Extraterrestrial Drills Luna 16 Drill 35 cm depth Apollo Lunar Surface Drill 3m

10. Current Extraterrestrial Drills in Development NorCat Honey Bee Robotics ATK Drill Phobos Drill http://youtube.com/watch?v=W0cUvK0Dgy8

11. LSSO Drill Concept • Goals • 10 meter • Autonomous Operation • Light weight • Science Detectors in Drill String • Core and non-core dill string • Continuous Casing?-TBD • Use ISRU materials for reaction of force and cutting removal

12. Current Status Research>>>Theory>>>Modeling>>>Experimentation>>>Correlation>>> Documentation Current^Status LSSO Autonomous Drill with Continuous Casing 10m Casing Operation 1. Drive Casing out 0.5 cm 2. Operate Sonic Drive 3. When Housing contacts the surface 4. Repeat Regolith Bin Casing Drive Sonic Drive Brake

13. Future Developments • LSAM Sized • 100 meter drill • Continuous Casing • Concentric Casing • 1 cm core • Undisturbed core • Lunar, Martian or • NEO • In the Hole Motor • Sonic Assist • High Voltage Solar • Nitrogen Cutting Removal

14. Drilling and Heat-Flow Experiment (Apollo 15-Dave Scott)

15. APOLLO-Heat-Flow Experiment

16. The 3.5 year record of thermistors at 49, 58, 87 and 96 cm below the lunar surface at the Apollo 15 site. The diurnal variation is noted in the two shallow thermistors. This experiment gave a heat flow value of 22 mW/m2