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GENE REGULATION

GENE REGULATION. Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes. Operons. Group of genes that are transcribed together They are turned ON or OFF as a unit to produce mRNA Promoter RNA polymerase binding site; begins transcription Operator Controls access of RNA polymerase to genes Genes

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GENE REGULATION

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  1. GENE REGULATION Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes

  2. Operons • Group of genes that are transcribed together • They are turned ON or OFF as a unit to produce mRNA • Promoter • RNA polymerase binding site; begins transcription • Operator • Controls access of RNA polymerase to genes • Genes • Genes that need to be transcribed for protein(s)

  3. LAcTOSE: What is it?

  4. Lac OPERON

  5. “NORMAL” SITUATION • Lactose is NOT present in cell • operon is considered “off” • This means that the repressor protein is attached to the operator, which means • No transcription of genes • No translation of mRNA into enzymes • No breakdown of lactose

  6. HOW TO TURN “ON” THE LAC OPERON • Lactose is PRESENT in cell • Lactose binds to repressor protein, which changes its shape, making the protein inactive • Remember: Allosteric inhibitor???? • Operon is considered “on” because the repressor protein is removed from the operator, which means • Transcriptionof genes into mRNA • Translationof mRNA into enzymes • Enzymes breakdown of lactose

  7. Eukaryotic Regulation • Transcription Factors: Proteins that enhance the transcription of other genes • Epigenetic Regulation: Factors that open up or close the coil of DNA

  8. Development & Differentiation • Differentiation: cells becoming specializedin structure and function • Examples: eye cells vs. heart cells vs. lung cells… • Hox Genes: “master control genes” • control the differentiation of cells during early development • Very similar in many animals suggesting common ancestry • Mutations in these genes cause massive changes in the anatomy of organisms

  9. Cell DIVISION FROM ZYGOTE STAGE

  10. Cell DiFFERENTIATION

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