The Storage and Persistence of Memory Eric Kandel, MD, Columbia University

1. The Storage and Persistence of MemoryEric Kandel, MD, Columbia University http://c250.columbia.edu/c250_events/symposia/brain_mind/brain_mind_vid_archive.html

2. How come one can remember certain events, Your First Love?

3. Philosophers’ views of the mind Two opposing views by the end of the seventeenth century The British empiricists such as John Locke argued the mind is a blank slate, it does not possess innate knowledge but that all knowledge derives from sensory experience and is therefore learned. The German philosopher Emanuel Kant argued that the mind is born with a priori knowledge that predisposes it to receive and interpret sensory experience in an innately determined perceptual framework.

4. Examine the Brain

6. What

7. 杏仁核(fear) 小腦(motor learning) 顳葉

8. The temporal lobe is involved in auditory processing and is home to the primary auditory cortex. It is also heavily involved in semantics both in speech and vision. The temporal lobe contains the hippocampus and is therefore involved in memory formation as well. 頂葉（parietal lobe） 中央溝之後與側裂之上 額葉（frontal lobe） 中央溝之前與側裂之上 枕葉(Occipital lobe) 腦部後側 顳葉（temporal lobe） 側裂以下

9. The amygdalae are almond-shaped groups of neurons located deep within the medial temporal lobes of the brain.

10. Practice makes perfect.

13. (2000 cells)

15. If you give one stimulus you have a short-term memory, which lasts minutes, doesn't require new protein synthesis. If you give five trainings or more, you produce a long-term memory that lasts anywhere from days to weeks, and this requires new protein synthesis.

16. There were always 24 sensory neurons, there were always six motor neurons specifically identifiable, and certain sensory neurons always connected to certain motor neuron and to certain interneurons.

17. Genes alteration is important because it gives rise to the growth of new synaptic connections.

18. Identical twins with identical genes will have different brains because they've been exposed to somewhat different learning experiences.

21. Is there an enlargement of the hippocampus with continued use?

24. If you record from a hundred cells, as Matt Wilson and others have done, you can predict where the animal is in space from its firing pattern.