LEL 1

1. LEL 1 Syntax 8: Wh-movement

2. Outline • Questioned constituents in English undergo movement to first position of the sentence. • This movement can lead to a constituent of an embedded clause appearing in the main clause. • But this movement is subject to restrictions that prohibit moving a questioned constituent in certain syntactic contexts.

3. More questions In the previous lecture, we looked at interrogative sentences of a particular type: so-called yes/no-questions. Has Deborah finished her work already? Will Paul read the newspaper tonight? In another type of interrogative, it’s a particular constituent of the sentence that is questioned: Who ate all the pies? What did you eat for breakfast this morning? How did Harriet repair the bike? What kind of books will they buy first? In which restaurant do they serve the best black risotto? Whose jumper did Jerry give to the charity shop? Which charity shop did Jerry give your jumper to?

4. Wh-movement A questioned constituent (a Wh-phrase) must move to the first position of the clause in English. This wh-movement occurs regardless of the grammatical function of the wh-phrase. Susan has read War and Peace. *Susan has read which book? (except as an echo question) Which book has Susan read? Harry gave those tickets for the concert to his brother. *Harry gave those tickets for the concert to whom? To whom did Harry give those tickets for the concert?

5. Wh-movement (cont’d) Wh-movement also takes place in embedded clauses. I know [Jane read a book]. *I wonder [Jane read what]. I wonder [what Jane read]. I know [Harry gave those tickets for the concert to his brother]. *I wonder [Harry gave those tickets for the concert to whom]. I wonder [to whom Harry gave those tickets for the concert].

6. Wh-in-situ Some languages do not have wh-movement. These wh-in-situ languages leave wh-phrases in the same positions as phrases that are not questioned. Wo xiang-zhidao [Lisi mai-le sheme]. Chinese I wonder Lisi bought what I wonder what Lisi bought.

7. Multiple questions English is in fact partially a wh-in-situ language. In sentences in which more than one constituent is questioned, only one undergoes wh-movement. Whoatahas given what to whom? *Whoa whatbta has given tb to whom? *Whoa whatb to whomctahas given tb tc?

8. Superiority In a multiple question in English, the wh-phrase that undergoes wh-movement is the one that is closest to the first position of the clause to begin with. Whoatahas given what to whom? *Whata has who given ta to whom? *To whoma has who given what ta? This is known as Superiority.

9. Multiple wh-movement In some languages all wh-phrases in a multiple question undergo wh-movement: Koja kogabtavižda tb? Bulgarian who whom sees Who sees whom? *Kojatbvižda koga? who sees whom Kdoa kohobtaviděl tb? Czech who whom saw Who saw whom? *Kdoataviděl koho? who saw whom

10. The landing site of wh-movement Recall the structure of clauses: CP spec C’ C IP spec I’ I VP spec V’ V compl In which position does wh-movement put a wh-phrase?

11. The landing site of wh-movement (cont’d) In which position does wh-movement put a wh-phrase? Answer: in spec-CP (the specifier position of the CP). Empirical evidence for this assumption: Ik weet niet [CP wata [C of [IP Jan [VPta gelezen heeft]]]] Dutch I know not what if John read has I don’t know what John has read.

12. The Doubly-filled COMP Filter In English (and many other languages) you cannot have both a wh-phrase in the spec-CP position and a complementizer in the C-position within the same clause: *I wonder [who if has written that book] This is known as the Doubly-filled COMP Filter.

13. Long distance wh-movement Recall: Wh-movement can move a Wh-phrase to the spec-CP position of its own clause, whether this is the main clause or an embedded clause. Whoma did Marian tell ta [that Fiona had read Ulysses]? Marian told Gerry [whata Fiona had read ta]. But: Wh-movement can also move a Wh-phrase out of an embedded clause into the spec-CP position of a higher clause! Whata did Marian think [that Fiona would read ta]? Whoa do you think [that Marian thought [this novel portrays ta]]?

14. Locality So, Wh-movement can be non-local. But not always: *[Which opera]a do you wonder [CP why Verdi composed ta]? Why the difference with [Which opera]a do you think [CP that Verdi composed ta]? The difference is that in the first sentence the spec-CP position of the embedded clause is already occupied by another Wh-phrase. But why does that matter?

15. Successive cyclic movement The difference is that in the first sentence the spec-CP position of the embedded clause is already occupied by another Wh-phrase. But why does that matter? Answer: Wh-phrases can only move out of the clause they originate in if they move to the spec-CP position of that clause first. Apparent ‘long distance’ Wh-movement is really successive cyclic movement, meaning it is movement from spec-CP of one clause to spec-CP of a higher clause. (The CP is sometimes called a ‘cycle’ in the analysis of a sentence). [Which opera]a do you think [CPta that Verdi composed ta]] ? *[Which opera]a do you wonder [CP why Verdi composed ta]] ?

16. Successive cyclic movement (cont’d) Empirical evidence for successive cyclic movement comes from languages in which the form of a complementizer in C depends on whether spec-CP is filled or not. In cases of apparent long-distance Wh-movement, thecomplementizers of all clauses out of which the Wh-phrase is extracted show the form that occurs if the spec-CP is filled. That means Wh-movement must have left a trace in all these spec-CP positions. Cé a dúradh léithi a cheannódh é? Irish who aL was-said with-her aL would-buy it Who was she told would buy it?

17. Islands Recap: A Wh-phrase cannot be extracted out of a clause that begins with a Wh-phrase itself. *[Which opera]a do you wonder [CP why Verdi composed ta]] ? This is known as the Wh-island constraint. An island is any constituent that you cannot move a Wh-phrase out of. *... Wh-phrasea ... [XP ... ta ...] if XP is an island. Besides Wh-islands, there are other types of islands as well.

18. Islands II: The Complex NP Constraint Noun Phrases can contain clauses. He likes [NP the idea [CP that space travellers will reach Mars]] You cannot move a Wh-phrase from such a clause to a position outside the Noun Phrase. This is the Complex NP Constraint on movement. *[Which planet]a does he like [NP the idea [CP that space travellers will reach ta]]?

19. Islands III: Subjects and adjuncts You cannot move a Wh-phrase out of a subject or out of an adjunct. [What kind of books]a do [IP you [VP like [NP reading ta]]]? (movement out of an object: ok) *[What kind of books]a does [IP [ reading ta] [VP irritate you]]? (movement out of a subject: bad) *[What kind of books]a do [IP you [VP laugh [PP while reading ta]]]? (movement out of an adjunct: bad)

20. The Coordinate Structure Constraint You cannot move a Wh-phrase out of one coordinatedclausewhile not moving anything out of the other. This is the coordinate structure constraint. * [What]a did [[IP Onegin give ta to Tatjana] and [IP Lensky a bouquet to Olga]? Curiously, so-called across-the-board movement is possible, meaning there can be simultaneous movement out of both coordinated clauses at once: [What]a did [ [IP Onegin give ta to Tatjana] and [IP Lensky ta to Olga]]?

21. The Left Branch Constraint You can sometimes move the complement of an NP out of the NP: I approve of [NP [NP John’s] drinking [NP fruit juice]]. [What]a do you approve of [NP John’s drinking ta]? But you cannot move the specifier. This is known as the left-branch constraint on movement (since, in English, specifiers are on a left branch in the tree structure, while complements are on a right branch). *[Whose]a do you approve of [NPta drinking fruit juice]?

22. The that-trace Filter Wh-movement is blocked in English when the trace of the moved Wh-phrase is adjacent to a complementizer, such as that. [What]a do you think [Harry has given ta to Barry]? [What]a do you think [that Harry has given ta to Barry]? [Who]a do you think [ta has given those tickets to Barry]? *[Who]a do you think [that ta has given those tickets to Barry]?