Section 1 The Market Revolution

1. Section 1The Market Revolution Technological changes create greater interaction and more economic diversity among the regions of the nation.

2. U.S. Markets Expand • Changing Economic Activities • Early 1800s- Farm families were self-sufficient • Only bought what they couldn’t make • Mid1800s - Farmers began specialization - Raised 1or 2 cash crops

3. U.S. Markets Expand • Market revolution - People bought and sold goods rather than make them • U.S. economic growth depended on Capitalism - Private control of means of production, used for profit - Business capital (money, property, machines) fueled growing economy • Entrepreneurs invested own money in new industries - Great loss or profit

4. Entrepreneurs developed new products 1839- Charles Goodyear created vulcanized rubber - Didn’t freeze or melt in cold and hot weather New Inventions

5. 1846 - Elias Howe patented sewing machine 1st used in shoe factories New Inventions

6. I. M. Singer added foot treadle - Enabled homemakers to make garments faster - Enabled Factories to mass produce clothing (prices dropped by over 75%) New Inventions

7. Impact on Household Economy • Farmers began using mechanized farm equipment - boosted industry output • Technology lowered cost of factory items • Workers became consumers - Clock prices dropped from $50 in 1800 to 50 cents by 1850

8. 1837- Samuel F. B. Morse developed electromagnetic telegraph: - Messages tapped in code & carried by copper wire - Businesses & railroads transmitted information Impact on Communication

9. 1807 - Robert Fulton’s steamboat traveled 150 miles up Hudson in 32 hours (Clermont) - By 1830 - steamboats on western rivers cut freight costs & speeded travel - Water transport was key for moving heavy machinery & raw materials Impact on Transportation

10. Erie Canal lowered cost of shipping - Dozens of canals follow - Canals connected Midwest farmers to Northeast and world markets Impact on Transportation

11. Emergence of Railroads • 1840s- shipping by railroad was much costlier than by canal • Railroads offered advantages - Faster (Could pull freight more than 4 times faster (10mph) than boats in a canal - Operated in winter - Could go inland • Early train travel uncomfortable for passengers • By 1850s - railroads expanded, cost drops, & safety increased

12. New Markets Link Regions • Improved transportation, communication made regions interdependent • By 1838 - National Road extended from Cumberland, MD to Springfield, IL • Growing links led to development of regional specialties

13. Southern Agriculture • Southern agricultural relied on cotton, tobacco & rice • South lacked capital for factories; money tied up in land & slaves

14. Northeast Shipping & Manufacturing • Canals & railroads turned Northeast into center of American commerce • New York City became central link between U.S. farms and European markets after the Erie Canal was opened in 1834 • Great rise in manufacturing created more, better, & less expensive goods

15. Midwest Farming • People began moving to the Midwest as the Northeast industrialized • Had to clear land and to make it arable • Two inventions enabled farmers to cultivate the land efficiently and cheaply (Farming profitable)

16. John Deere invented steel plow that took less power to pull - Farmers replaced oxen with horses Midwest Farming

17. Cyrus McCormick invented mechanical reaper - Enabled 1 farmer to the work of 5 Farmers shifted from subsistence farming to growing cash crops Midwest Farming

18. Section 2Manifest Destiny Americans move west, energized by their belief in the rightful expansion of the United States from the Atlantic to the Pacific.

19. 1823 – Mountain Man Jedediah Smith led a party of hunters to through South Pass (South of the Teton Mountains) - Learned about it from the Crow Indians Wagons could get through the South Pass Across a Continent

20. Across a Continent • Explored California and the Oregon Country - 1818 – U.S. and Great Britain agreed to occupy the region together - Region had rich wheat crop, fruit trees and fat livestock • Smith wrote a letter to the Secretary of War telling him that the British were taking over the Oregon Country even though Americans could legally settle it - Also said that it was possible for Americans to reach the Oregon Trail by wagon

21. 1836 - settlers go to Oregon, prove wagons can go into Northwest Methodists missionaries were the 1st white people to migrate to Oregon - Sent back reports about Oregon’s rich farmland and forest Before 1840- few Americans went to Louisiana Territory The Oregon Trail

22. 1843 – People began migrating to Organ in larger numbers Many settlers tried fresh start in West after panic of 1837 Manifest destiny - belief that U.S. was destined to expand to Pacific Ocean The Oregon Trail

23. The Oregon Trail • People traveled along the Oregon Trail - trail from Independence, MO to Portland, OR - Started at Independence, Missouri crossed the Platte River and continued through the South Past into modern-day northeast Utah - Pioneers used Conestoga wagons & pushed handcarts (trip took months) • Trail Split in Utah - Branch of the trail went across desert to California - Oregon Trail continued northwest to the Colombia River

24. Life on the Trail • 1845 – The Emigrants Guide was a guide book to help settlers cross the trail • Wagon and animals to pull it was the biggest expense (Oxen Best) - Also needed spare parts • Food for each adult -200 pounds of flour, 150 pounds of Bacon, 10 pounds of Coffee, 20 Pound of Sugar, and 10 pounds of Salt - Some people carried dried beef, rice, beans, fruit, vinegar, and pickles • Made journey in Groups - Circled wagons at night (Used as animal pen) • Indians helped settlers in the beginning - Traded food for cloth, needles or other goods • Indians became more hostile as Settlers increase - Feared losing their lands

25. Attitudes Toward the Frontier • Land for farming, & speculation were important for building prosperity • Merchants seeking new markets followed farmers, miners • Oregon Territory harbors expanded trade with Asia • Served as naval stations for the Pacific fleet

26. The Mormon Migration • Mormons belonged to the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints - Founded by Joseph Smith • Believed in cooperation not competition - Angry neighbors viewed their cooperation as a monopoly - Neighbors also didn’t like Mormon practice of polygamy • 1844 – Mob in Illinois killed Joseph Smith - Brigham Young became Mormon Leader

27. 1847 – Brigham Young led the Mormons in search of a new home (Great Migration) - Settled near Salt Lake City - Wanted a place far away from other settlements Succeeded as a result of their sharing policy (water) - Built canals and diverted mountain streams to water fields The Mormon Migration

28. Settlers and Native Americans • Most Native Americans maintain their own traditions even if forced to move • Some assimilate into white culture & a few fought to keep whites out

29. The Black Hawk War • 1830s - settlers in Illinois, Iowa pressured natives to go west • Chief Black Hawk led rebellion in Illinois & Wisconsin Territory • Illinois militia slaughtered more tan 200 Sauk and Fox people • Sauk & Fox tribes were defeated & forcibly moved west of the Mississippi

30. Middle Ground • Good relations existed when settlers needed Native American trading partners in the Middle Ground • Middle ground is area not dominated by Native Americans or settlers • Middle ground was west of Mississippi as a result of 1830 Indian Removal Act • Small numbers of displaced natives fought settlers moving west • 1851 - Treaty of Fort Laramie between U.S. government & native-American nations - Native Americans gained control of Central Plains - Promised not to attack settlers - U.S. pledged to honor boundaries • Settlers increased & depleted buffalo & elk • U.S. violated treaty

31. Parts of Northern border of the United States were disputed by the U.S. and Great Britain Early 1840s – Britain still claimed parts of modern day Maine and Minnesota - 1842 - Webster-Ashburton Treaty settled border disputes in East & Midwest Continued to jointly occupy the Oregon Territory Resolving Territorial Disputes

32. Resolving Territorial Disputes • Election of 1844 – Democrat James K. Polk presidential platform called for the annexation of the entire Oregon Territory - “Fifty-Four Forty or Fight!” slogan calls for annexation of Oregon • 1846 - U.S & Britain agreed to extend boundary west along 49th parallel - Britain’s interest in area waned as fur trade declined - Polk’s advisors deemed the land north of the 49th parallel unsuitable for agriculture

33. Section 3Expansion in Texas Mexico offers land grants to American settlers, but conflict develops over religion and other cultural differences, and the issue of slavery

34. June 30, 1821 – Mexico gained its independence from Spain Agustin de Iturbide became emperor Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna led a revolt against Iturbide’s harsh rule - Santa Anna would rule off and on for 30 years Changes in the Spanish Borderlands

35. Opening up the Border • Mexico opened up its border to trade with the U.S.A. - Spain hadn’t allowed foreigners or foreign trade within it border provinces • Mexican Government set two conditions - Settlers had to covert to Catholicism and become Mexican citizens • American traders saw an opportunity for profit in the Santa Fe in the province of New Mexico

36. William Becknell of Missouri led a caravan of traders to Santa Fe - Hardware, cloth, needles, and China - Becknell became known as the father of the Santa Fe Trail Opening up the Border

37. Santa Fe Trail- busy trade route; Independence, MO to Santa Fe, NM - First 150 miles wagons go alone, then band together for protection Opening up the Border

38. Opening up the Border • 1824 – Becknell became the 1st western trader to carry his goods in a Conestoga Wagon - Called Prairie schooners in the West - Carried about 5,000 pounds of goods - Pulled by three pares of oxen, mules, or horses • Many Americans who crossed into New Mexico’s Rio Grande Valley decided to stay - Built mills and brick kilns - Blacksmiths, tinsmiths, and gunsmith skills brought prosperity to New Mexico

39. Changing California • 1833 - Mexico’s government ordered that missionaries turn over half of their lands to the Indians • Land ended up in the hands of Rancheros – landowners who lived on large ranchos or large land grants awarded by the government • Ranchos were like feudal states - Indians worked for food, clothing and shelter • Began trading with the U.S.A.

40. Texas Borderland • 1821 – Texas had about 4000 Tejanos (Mexicans living in Texas) • Rancheros grew rich rounding up wild Longhorn cattle and killing them for their hides - Wore wide brimmed hats, leather straps, and heeled boots • Longhorns were a tough breed - Could travel for miles without water, run fast, and survive extreme hot or cold

41. 1821 – Moses Austin received a land grant from the Spanish government to settle in Texas (Before Mexican independence) - Spain hoped they would protect territory from illegal American settlers and Comanche Indians Moses Austin Died and his son Stephen Austin led the settlers into Texas grow as a result of illegal immigrants Anglo-Americans in Texas

42. Anglo-Americans in Texas • Other people received land grants to carry settlers to Texas (Texas Boomed) • 1830 – Population had grown to about 30,000 - Anglo- Americans outnumbered Tejanos - Both Free African settlers and slaves (90% were slaves) • U.S. wanted to buy lands south to Rio Grande but Mexico refused to sell Texas • Anglo-Americans had agreed to become Mexican citizens - Still thought like Americans - Held onto strong ideas about freedoms - Angered when Mexico ended slavery • 1830 – Mexico closed Texas to Anglo-American settlers - Placed high tariffs on American goods - Anglo- American population in Texas continued to

43. 1832 – Sam Houston moved to Austin Texas Tension between Mexican Government and Texas settlers - Settlers were angry that Texas wasn’t a separate state within Mexico - Objected to being forced to covert to Catholicism - Hated laws that banned American immigration and placed high tariffs on American goods The Texas Revolution

44. The Texas Revolution • New immigrants wanted to break from Mexico - Hoped U.S. government would help • Stephen Austin didn’t want to break his promise to the Mexican government • Austin persuaded Santa Anna to lift restrictions on immigration • Local Legislature allowed the settlers to practice their own religion and approved the use of English in public documents

45. War Breaks Out in Texas • 1834 - Santa Anna became dictator - Ruled without any regard to laws or people’s rights • Wanted to strengthen his control over Texas - Sent more troops and tax collectors • Army and settlers fought over cannon used for protection against the Indians - Texans hung a white flag over it that said “come and take it” • December 1843 – Texans drove army from the Alamo • Santa Anna led 6000 troops to Texas

46. 150 men held the Alamo Force included William Travis, Davy Crockett, and Jim Bowie February 23, 1836 – Santa Anna attacked San Antonio - Flew a red flag (No mercy would be shown, no prisoners taken) - Texans responded by firing a cannon Battle of the Alamo

47. February 24, 1836 – Siege of the Alamo began - Settlers held the army off for 12 days - 13th day – Santa Anna ordered his troops to go over the wall - Settlers ran out of ammunition - Fought hand-to-hand- combat Battle of the Alamo

48. Battle of the Alamo • 183 Settlers were killed • Women and Children were spared • Susan Dickenson was sent to Sam Houston with a message that said any other revolt would be put down just as harshly

49. The Defeat of Santa Anna • After Alamo Mexican forces attacked Texas forces led by James Fannin at Goliad - Texans surrendered • Santa Anna had all of the prisoners killed - Thought it would destroy Mexican resistance

50. Santa Anna went after last remaining force led by Sam Houston April 21, 1836 – Houston's forces surprised attacked and defeated Santa Anna in the afternoon - “Remember the Alamo” Battle of San Jacinto – Texas won its independence The Defeat of Santa Anna