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Chapter 10

Chapter 10. Ecology of the Community. Chapter OBjectives.

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Chapter 10

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  1. Chapter 10 Ecology of the Community

  2. Chapter OBjectives 1. Community’s influence on socialization, including physical, economic, social, and personal factors.2. Ways in which the community serves as a system of support for children and families.3. Family services by type and structure.4. Government initiatives in the United States designed to assist families.5. Role of advocacy in creating caring communities and give examples.

  3. Community-Structure and Function • A community includes a group of people living in the same geographic area under common laws. (neighborhood, town , city) The crucial component of a community is the relationship of people to one another and the sense of belonging and of obligation to the group.

  4. A community is structured to have 5 functions: • Role models for children • Opportunity to learn by doing • Standards of behavior • Role expectations for adults Role expectations for children

  5. Physical factors of the community thatinfluence children’s behavior: • Population density refers to the number of people occupying a certain area of space. • High population density can have negative effects, such as • scarcity of resources, • personal space violations (housing), and • inability to maintain desired privacy. • Play settings

  6. Residential Density • Studies demonstrate the relationship between residential density and characteristics. • Individuals learn to become helpless, when situations are unaffected by their behavior. • Noise is “unwanted sound” • Air pollution • (ex) The hearing problems of children; they can’t concentrate, study, or learn as a result. • (ex) Back of the room;too distracted; can’t hear teacher

  7. Physical Factors: • Arrangements and types of houses affect the interaction between people. • When houses face the street or a courtyard, people have a common place of contact. This direct access to the outside maximizes the potential (ability) for parental supervision. • Play settings- offer children the opportunity to engage in fantasy play. • Some neighborhoods provide play grounds for children.

  8. Social and personalfactors of the community that influence children’s behavior according to Bronfenbrenner • The neighborhood setting developmental potential from a setting • Patterns of community interaction • enhanced function of its supportive links with other settings (family, school) • Homogenous neighborhoods include people of similar background, • while heterogeneous neighborhoods include people of differing backgrounds.

  9. Patterns of Community Interaction • Community ecology • the relationship between the community members and their environment. • The community • is part of a microsystem in Bronfenbrenner’s ecological theory. • The community acts as a medium • through which the basic values, norms, and customs (Macro) of society are interpreted via the interactions of its members.

  10. Patterns of Community interaction

  11. Community’s Potential for Learning • Fosters school and educational work or recreational projects: • Alternative schools: • learns citizenship by actual involvement • Graduate requirement- • community service • The commitment of communities to learning • as part of Goals 2000

  12. Why are community services necessary? • population increase • the changing nature of the family (teenage births, divorce) • increasing urbanization of communities due to: • Centralization of industries in certain areas • consequent migration • People living in cities

  13. Public and Private Agencies • Agencies services can be public or private • Public agencies are financed by taxation • Legislation to appropriate tax monies for an agency is generally related to the approval and support of the citizens. (bonds passed) • Their structure differ according to state and local laws. • Private agencies are financed by donations and/or fees. • (United Way) • Administered by a board of directors

  14. The Community as a Support System • Preventive, • Supportive, and • Rehabilitative Services

  15. Preventive Services • lessen stress and strains of life: Parks, recreation, and education keep kids from engaging in delinquent activities. • Girls Scouts of America • The National Parks Service • Cooperative Extension Service • Provide space, companionship, physical activity and mental stimulation needs.

  16. The Community as a Support System Supportive Services Economic Assistance Counseling Adoption Foster Care Child Care Protective Care Education Child Health & Welfare Education programs Supportive services preserve healthy family life by promoting harmonious family relationships.

  17. The Community as a Support System Rehabilitative Services Corrections Mental health Special needs Rehabilitative services enable or restore a person’s capacities to effectively participate in the community

  18. Meeting the Needs of Children and Families • Advocacy groups for children • The Children Defense Fund • The National Commission on Children (NCC, 1991) • Solve and monitor specific problems • Support children’s problems in general

  19. Economic Assistance Addresses • Many poor families are large and represent various ethnic minority groups. • Poverty (16, 000 for family of four) • Homelessness • The largest recent increase in poor families has been among Anglos under age 30. • FYI: 3 in 5 are Anglo families • 1 in 3 live in suburban areas • 1 in 3 live in married households • 2 in 3 live in working family

  20. Community Mesosystem Influences Linking community services to families: • Health services • Nutrition services • Social services • Educational services • Child welfare services

  21. Homeless Families • Are the result of many simultaneous trends: • shrinking incomes of many young families, • rising housing costs, • decreasing supply of low-cost housing, • decline in government housing assistance, • deinstitutionalization of the mentally disabled. • Homeless children suffer psychological, as well as behavioral and educational, consequences.

  22. Child Protection and Maltreatment: • Community Involvement and Advocacy • What can you do about it? • Know your state child abuse law. • Who must report? • Know how to report abuse /Neglect.

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