Biology ch 2

1. Principles of Ecology V. Hassell Biology ch 2 • Everything on Earth- air, land, water, plants and animals= is connected. Understanding these connections help us keep our environment clean, healthy and safe..

2. Ecology Uses qualitative (descriptive) and quantitative research • The study of interactions that take place between organisms and their environment • Uses techniques from • Math • Chemistry, physics, geology • Other branches of biology

3. Levels of organization help scientist understand relationships. POPULATION • A group of organisms of the same species which can interbreed and live in the same area at the same time • Because members of the same population compete with each other for food, water, mates, and other resources. • Competition increases when resources are in short supply

4. a group of interacting populations of different species occupying a particular place a pond community Communities-

5. Ecosystem • The organisms in a plant population and the biotic and abiotic factors which impact on them.

6. Biosphere The area on earth which supports life (where life is found) • Thin layer. • Supports a diverse group of organisms in a wide range of climates • Living things are affected by nonliving and living factors.

7. 1. biotic living or derived from living things 2. abiotic- nonliving factors; sunlight, temp. water, soil Ecosystem- Factors

8. Growth • Limits of Tolerance conditions under which growth will occur • Optimum Range- the best conditions for growth • Limiting factors- A nutrient in short supply which limits an organisms growth. It keeps populations from spreading beyond areas to which they are best adapted

9. Biomes 2 types of Ecosystems • Terrestrial ecosystems- on land • Include forest, measows and rotting logs • Aquatic ecosystems include fresh water and saltwater forms • Fresh water- Includes ponds, lakes, streams • Salt water – called Marine ecosystems, make up 70% of earth’s surface

10. Adaptation & change • Organisms must be able to adapt to changing conditions. • Coastal organisms spend part of the day underwater. • Tides affect salinity (salt content)

11. Organisms in EcosystemsHABITAT Where an organism lives its life • Prairie dog- burrows in prairie • Birds- nest in trees or on the ground • Others- Wetlands, ponds, oceans

12. 1st Producer- Autotroph Photosynthesis plant Food Chain- Sun is energy source

13. Niche competition • It is an advantage to have a different nich than other species in the habitat • Less competition • 2 species with the same needs can’t exist for long together • One will gain control • Other become extinct, move elsewhere or adapt

14. Surviving in difficult habitats • Adaptations to survive in different habitats include • Cypress knees • Polar bears

15. Symbiosis Organisms living together in close, permanent association • Types • Mutualism- both species benefit • Commensalism- one species benefits, the other is not affected • Parasitism- one benefits, one is harmed

16. Symbiosis- Commensalism • Spanish moss • Orchids • barnacles

17. Symbiosis- Parasitism Harmful to one species, beneficial to another • Endoparasite • Hook worms • Do they care if their host dies? • Exoparasite- outside • Tick, fleas

18. 2.2 objectives • Compare how organisms satisfy their nutritional needs. • Trace the path of energy and matter in an ecosystem • Analyze how matter is cycled in the abiotic and biotic parts of the biosphere

19. How organisms obtain Energy Autotrophs • The ultimate source of energy is the sun • Plants use photosynthesis to produce food from light energy. • Autotrophs • Producers • Plants • Some protist & algae Other organisms depend on thes for energy

20. How organisms obtain energy Consumers are Heterotrophs • Can not make its own food • Obtain nutrients by eating other organisms • Heterotrophs • Omnivore • Carnivore • Scavenger

21. Heterotrops- Decomposer Breakdown and release materials • Breakdown complex compounds of dead and decaying organisms into simpler substances • Fungi, bacteria

22. Flow of energy in Ecosystems Cycles of matter • Matter is composed of carbon, nitrogen and other elements • Moves through the food chain from producers to consumers

23. Food Chains Flow of energy • Arrows indicaate direction in which energy is transferred • May be as few as one or two – or unlimited • Plants decomposers • Plantscowmandecomposer (bacteria)

24. Food web Shows relationships for organisms that feed on more than one species

25. Ecological Pyramids Only 10 % of energy is passed to next level

26. Flow of Energy • Food chains, food webs and ecological pyramids are all models that show how energy moves in only one direction through the tropichlevles of an ecosystem • Some energy lost to heat • Sunlight is souce

27. According to the law of conservation of energy- • energy is neither lost or gained. Some is transferred at each tropic level enerters the environment as heat, but the total amount of energy remains the same.

28. Pyramid of Biomasss • Each level in a pyramid of biomass represents the amount tht the level above needs to consume to meet it’s needs

29. Cycles in Nature Matter is recycled (never lost) and is not replenished like energy from sunlgiht • There is a finite amount of matter • The atoms that make up the boies of organisms alive today are the same atoms that have been on Earth since the beginning of time.

30. Water Cycle Evaporation, condensation, transpiration, precipitation

31. The Carbon Cycle Life on earth is a carbon based. Carbon is molecule of life

32. Nitrogen Cycle 78 % of atm- not available to plants Ammonia (urine), lightning, manure,

33. can cause major algae blooms and harm an ecosystem causes blue baby syndrome excess Nitrogen in waterways

34. Phosphorus cycle

35. Phosphorus is essential All organisms need phosphorus It is Necessary for growth and development • Short cycle • Plants absorb from soil • Eaten, animsl dies , decompose and is returned to soil • Long cycle • Phosphates wash into water and are locked in rock • Millions of years later- rock is exposed