Decolonization, Nationalism, and The Rise of New Nations

1. Decolonization, Nationalism, and The Rise of New Nations The 20th Century

2. Global Events Leading Up to Decolonization • Imperialism • Growing Nationalism • World War I • World War II • Cold War

3. How WWI? • Promises of self-determination • Use of colonial soldiers in trenches • Locals filled posts left by colonial powers during war • Financial strain on empire • Treaty of Versailles

4. How WWII? • Increased nationalist uprisings following WWI and as a result of the global depression • Costs of empire • US support of anti-colonial liberation movements • Atlantic Charter (1941) “right of all people to choose the form of government under which they live” • Soviets condemned colonialism

5. How the Cold War? • Provided inspiration a blend of capitalist and socialist economies and agendas. • Provided arms to those who sided with one or the other (proxy wars and arms races). • Encouraged violent recourse for some as a result of the power politics of cold war competition.

7. Process of Decolonization and Nation-Building • Surge of anti-colonial nationalism after 1945. Leaders used lessons in mass politicization and mass mobilization of 1920’s and 1930’s. • Three patterns: • Civil war (China) • Negotiated independence (India and much of Africa) • Incomplete de-colonization (Palestine, Algeria and Southern Africa, Vietnam)

8. China • Japanese invasion interrupted the 1920s and 1930s conflict between the Communists (Mao Zedong) and the Guomindang (Chiang Kai-shek) • During the war, CCP expanded peasant base, using appeals for women (health care, divorce rights, education access, graduated taxes, cooperative farming). • Growth of party during the war in part through use of anti-Japanese propaganda. • Resumption of civil war after Japanese surrender. • 1949 Great People’s Revolution- Mao; Nationalist leaders fled to Taiwan.

9. Outline • GMD-CCP Civil War (1946-1949) • Recovery and Socialism (1949-1956) • Rethinking the Soviet model (1956-1957) • Great Leap Forward (1958-1961) • Recovery & growing elite division (1962-5) • Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution (1966-1976)

10. Anti-Japanese War (1937-1945)

11. Civil War (1946 – 1949) • GMD: Guomindang (Nationalist Party) • Chiang Kai-shek (President) • CCP: Chinese Communist Party • Mao Zedong

12. “War of Liberation”

13. Mao Zedong • A revolution to remove “3 big mountains” • imperialism • feudalism • bureaucrat-capitalism • A “United Front” of … • workers • peasants • petty bourgeoisie and national bourgeoisie

14. People’s Republic of China • 1949-10-01, PRC, Beijing • Chairman: Mao Zedong • 5-Star Red Flag • Republic of China government retreated to Taiwan

15. Economic Reconstruction 1950s • Soviet Union model and assistance • land reform (eliminate landlord class) • heavy industry (state-owned enterprises) • First National People’s Congress (1954) • PRC Constitution • Zhou Enlai • Premier • Foreign Minister

16. Great Leap Forward (1958-1960) • abandon the Soviet model of economic development • Soviet “scientific planning” • mass mobilization • people’s communes

17. Great Leap Forward (1958-1960) • unrealistic output targets • industry • agricultural and human disaster

18. Growing Division (1962-1965) • Mao Zedong vs. Liu Shaoqi and Deng Xiaoping • charismatic leadership vs. bureaucracy

19. Cultural Revolution (1966-1976) • Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution • commitment to revolution and “class struggle” • power struggle to succeed Mao • Phase I: the rise and fall of “red guards” • Phase II: the rise and fall of Lin Biao • Phase III: the rise and fall of the “Gang of Four”

20. Phase I: Red Guards (1966-69)

21. Phase I: Red Guards (1966-69) • Purge of party cadres • Liu Shaoqi and Deng Xiaoping • Purge of intellectuals

22. Phase II: Lin Biao (1969-71) • the putative successor to Mao Zedong • the cult of personality around Mao • In 1971 Lin allegedly tried but failed • to assassinate Mao • to flee to Soviet Union (“9.13”) • “9.13” eroded the credibility • of the entire leadership • of the Cultural Revolution

23. Phase III: the “Gang of Four” • 1972 – 1976 • power struggle between • the radical “Gang of Four”, led by Jiang Qing, Mao’s wife • the “moderates”, led by Premier Zhou Enlai • the fate of Deng Xiaoping

24. Diplomatic Breakthrough • 1971, PRC became the representative of China in UN (replaced ROC)

25. Diplomatic Breakthrough • 1972, President Nixon visited Beijing

26. Mao and Zhou Died in 1976 • Turning point in China’s postwar era • “Gang of Four” were arrested • End of the Cultural Revolution

27. Mao’s legacies

28. Reforms and Opening up • The 3rd Plenum of the 11th CCP Central Committee in 1978 • Deng Xiaoping’s ascendancy • economic modernization became focus • US-PRC diplomatic relations in 1979

29. China since 1945 • Mao dies in 1976 and Deng Xiaoping comes to power. • Deng institutes the Four Modernizations, which focuses on improving agriculture, industry, science and technology as well as defense. • Deng was in power until his death in 1997

30. Government in China Today • Currently known as the People’s Republic of China (PRC). • It is a single-party socialist republic (one party, in favor of the working class) • The Communist party holds power • The current president is Hu Jianto • Beijing is the capital city

31. Review of China’s Population • Over 1.3 billion people (1/5 of the world’s population) • 56 recognized ethnic groups. The Han are the largest (92%) • Large population can be attributed to Mao

32. Population in China • Efforts were made to limit the population • Only 2 children per family law • One Child Policy • Policies did not work that well • Rural families did not comply • Males regarded more highly than females

33. Negotiated Independence in India and Africa • Independence with little bloodshed in India and much of colonial Africa in decades following World War II. • Why? At what cost?

34. India • India and other Asian colonies were the first to establish independence movements. • Western-educated minorities organized politically to bring about the end of modification of colonial regimes.

35. Mohandas ‘Mahatma’ Gandhi • Passed English bar - lawyer for Indian merchants in South Africa. • Gandhi’s answer to a spiritual theory of social action – Satyagraha - “soul force”. A tactic using nonviolent resistance or civil disobedience.

36. A ‘Revolution’ in Indian politics • Gandhi’s Satyagraha - “What do you think? Wherein in courage required – in blowing others to pieces from behind a cannon, or with a smiling face to approach a cannon and be blown to pieces?...Believe me that a man devoid of courage and manhood can never be a passive resister.”

37. Gandhi in India • 1915: back in India - Dressed in traditional clothing- crisscrossed India on third-class trains listening to common people to understand their plight. • Urged a boycott of British goods, jobs & honors.

39. The British Back Down • 1931 - released Gandhi from jail & negotiated with him as an equal. • 1935 - Indian got a new constitution. • 1942- called on British to “Quit India” – civil disorder campaign – arrested & jailed.

40. The Muslim League • Led by Muhammad Ali Jinnah (1876-1948) • Feared Hindu domination of an independent India ruled by Congress Party. • Made Muslim separation from Hindu majority a nationalist issue. • In 1940 Jinnah told a Muslim League conference that Britain should give Indian Hindus & Muslims separate homelands – Gandhi appalled “victory of hate over love”

41. Independence But Partition • Britain agreed to speedy independence in 1945, but murderous clashes between Hindus and Muslims in 1946 led to a delay. In the end... • India’s last Viceroy, Lord Mountbatten (1900-1979) proposed partition. Both sides agreed. • One fifth of humanity gained independence on August 14th 1947.

43. The Tragedy of Partition • Massacres and mass expulsions. • 100,000 slaughtered & five million refugees • Gandhi said “What is there to celebrate? I see nothing but rivers of death.” • Gandhi was gunned down in January 1948 by a Hindu fanatic, while announcing a fast to protest Hindu persecution of Muslims.

44. Refugees

45. Modern India • Largest democracy in the world • Jawaharlal Nehru became the first prime minister for the next 17 years • Democracy, Unity, & Economic Modernization Challenges: • Kashmir= years of conflict that continues today • Cold War alignment= NON Alignment Movement • Industrialization= slow but coming • Social and cultural issues= continuous challenges with progress • Caste system • Economic • Women’s rights

46. Kashmir • Border both India & Pakistan • Hindu leader with large Muslim populations • 1947-Pakistan invaded leading Kashmir to align with India fighting cont.’d until 1949. Cease fire lead to 1/3 control by Pakistan 2/3 by India. • 1962- China seized part of Kashmir • 1972- Indian and Pakistani forces fought again • Today: tensions continue and flare up intermittently

47. Nehru’s Family Rules • 1964 Nehru dies • Congress Party left with no strong leader • 1966 Indira Gandhi becomes Prime Minister (Nehru’s daughter) • 1980 re-elected(after a short period out of office) • Increased food/grain production • Faced a threat from Sikh extremists agitating for an independent state • 1984 500 were killed in a violent demonstrations • 2 months later her Sikh bodyguards shot her • 1984-89 Rajiv Gandhi leader / charged with corruption • 1991 killed by a bomb while campaigning near Madra

48. Independence in Africa The Colonial Divisions of Africa and the Emergence of New Nations

49. Africa • Nationalists composed of ex-servicemen, urban unemployed & under-employed, and the educated. • Pan-Africanism (Marcus Garvey) and Negritude (Senghor) • Senghor (Senegal) and Dubois (African-American)

50. Africa • 1957, Gold Coast (renamed Ghana) independence, led by western- educated, Kwame Nkrumah. • By 1963, all of British- ruled Africa, except Southern Rhodesia, was independent.