Rise of Nationalism

1. Rise of Nationalism 1.Role of Women- acted as spies, transported food and medicine. 2. Role of the Youth-West Africa , Nationalism was conceived in the womb of Youth leagues.-activities of J. B.Danguah and Wallace Johnson, 1925-1934. • South Africa- Youth leagues led by Steve Biko- • Meant to change things within the system e.g. better education and higher wages

2. Forging of Nationalism,“Africa for Africans” • People started seeing themselves as a nation not the tribal lines • Methods used 3. Religion.-rise of independent churches, • Congo-Kimbanguism • Uganda- Bamalaki • Kenya- Mumboism • Malawi- Chilembe • West Africa -Harris movement. • Nigeria- Islamized region forged unity- Jami yyaMutanen Arewa

3. Rise of Nationalism 4 . Language- Use of Kiswahili in EastAfrica e.g. in Tanganyika, Nyerere used Kiswahili to forge unity. = sign of identity. 5 . Songs- used for solidarity and strength amidst adversity “Natoaa madonda Africa” Meaning- I remove wounds from Africa Natoaa madonda Africa, na Nasser – Egypt “ toaa madonda Africa na Nasser” Sellasie- Ethiopia Kwame Ghana Kenyatta Kenya Kaunda Zambia Nyerere Tanganyika Obote Uganda Cabral Cape Verde Lumumba Congo Samaro Mozambique Azikiwe Nigeria Senghor Senegal Toure Guinea Savimbi Angola Winnie South Africa Mandela South Africa

4. Other forms of Solidarity 6. Peasants protests – coca farmers- Ghana Coffee farmers in Uganda withdrawal from market. Strikes by workers unions 7. Role of Pan Africanism organized byAfricans in Diaspora = created self – confidence, led by Dubois & Marcus Garvey= “President ofUnited States of Africa.” Many conference took place e.g. 1919- London, 1921- Paris, 1922 Lisbon, 1927 New York, the biggest 1945 –Manchester. 8.Psycological Liberation “Black is beautiful” Negritude by Senghor, Aime Cesaire & Franz Fanon 9 . Role of ex- soldiers. 10 Media newspaper e.g. Sauti ya Mwafirika