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Diasporas and Transnational Migrant Networks

Diasporas and Transnational Migrant Networks. Global Patterns of Migration Case studies: Europe; and US (North Carolina) Migration: Major issues. Why People Migrate? Theories in International Studies. "Push-Pull" Theory: Rational Economic Choices Pushed from poor places

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Diasporas and Transnational Migrant Networks

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  1. Diasporas and Transnational Migrant Networks • Global Patterns of Migration • Case studies: Europe; and US (North Carolina) • Migration: Major issues

  2. Why People Migrate? Theories in International Studies • "Push-Pull" Theory: • Rational Economic Choices • Pushed from poor places • Pulled to wealthy alternatives

  3. Why People Migrate? Theories in International Studies • "Migration Systems" Theory: • Critique of Rational Choice • People don’t move just anywhere • Collective historical experiences • Macrosystems of economics recruitment, colonial legacy • Microsystems of family networks, --"Chain Migrations"

  4. Earlier Migrations vs. New Migrations • Globalization I: • Southern Eastern Europe to USA, • Northern Europe to Colonies, • Asian Contract Labor • Globalization II: • Displaced Populations, Political Refugees • Globalization III: • Developing World to First World

  5. Current Migrations and Networks • Movement to "Immigrant Nations" (Australia, USA, Canada, Brazil, Argentina) • Movement from former colonies into Europe • Movement from Asia, North Africa, and Middle East to Oil-producing States • Diasporas and Overseas Immigrant Communities

  6. Who Migrates Today? • Movement from Poorer to Richer Nations • Blue-collar and Service Jobs: • Permanent or Short-term • Educated Professionals: • Medical professions, engineers • 1972-1985: 145,000 science professionals from India, China, South Korea & Philippines to USA • Students • Refugees

  7. Europe: issue of migration from former colonies, workers from Eastern Europe and Middle East • In Europe, 1990-1995: migration accounted for 88% of population growth

  8. Europe, 1950-1988 • Germany - 25 million • Eastern and South Eastern Europe, Turkey • France - 21.9 million • North and West Africa • UK, Holland, Belgium, Scandinavia - 25 million • UK - South Asia, Caribbean • Others - Eastern-South Eastern Europe, Turkey

  9. Case: Great Britain and Thatcherism • Margaret Thatcher, British Tory (Conservative Party) PM, 1979-1990 • Opposed influx of migrants from the former British empire, especially Caribbean, Pakistan, India, and Middle East; • seen as threat to English identity • But what was English identity?

  10. United States of America: Some Immigration Statistics: • 1880-1920: 30 million, • Southern and Eastern Europe • 1945-1990: 18 million • Northern Europe, Asia, Latin America • 1991-1995: 1 million annually • West Africa, South Asia-Middle East, East and Southeast Asia, Central & South America, Caribbean

  11. Immigration in the U.S.A. http://www.immigration-usa.com/i_suphwy.html http://www.wave.net/upg/immigration/resource.html

  12. The New Melting Pot Ranked by percentage increase of immigrants from 1995 to 1999* *For states with a foreign-born pop. of at least 50,000 in 1995, Urban Institute

  13. Percent Distribution of Foreign Bornby World Region of Birth: 2000 Other Regions 8.1% Europe 15.3% Latin America 51.0% Asia 25.5% Source: Current Population Survey, March 2000, PGP-3

  14. U.S. Immigration Data • The leading source countries for legal immigration are • Mexico (91,000), • Vietnam (78,000), • the Philippines (59,000), and • the republics of the former Soviet Union (44,000). • Undocumented immigration total approx. 300,000 annually.

  15. Percent of Population with a Bachelor’s Degree or Higher by Origin: 2000 (In Percent) Source: Current Population Survey, March 2000, PGP-3

  16. Percent of Population with Full Time, Year Round Earnings of $50,000 or More by Origin: 2000 (Population 15 years and over with income) Source: Current Population Survey, March 2000, PGP-3

  17. Percent Distribution of Hispanic by Type: 2000

  18. Top States in Percentage Growth of Mexican Population

  19. Single males Seasonal work Dynamic immigration Agriculture No participation in gov’t Military representation Developed ties Rural community (church) Other industries Meat processing plants Year round opportunities Public Sector Focus on interpreters Family reunification Permanent migrants Public School growth Latino Organizations CBO Hispanic leadership in Government Mexican Counsel (Historic) Latino Legislative Agenda Hispanic voting potential Latino buying power interest Professional bilingual searches 30 years: Latinos in NC 1970-80’s 1980-90’s 1990 - 2000

  20. NC Hispanic Demographic Growth • Hispanic population in NC: • 1990: 76,745 2000: 379,000 • NC Metro Growth (now): • 44,000 Charlotte, • 34,000 Raleigh, • 100,000 Triangle • NC Rural Growth (future)

  21. Cycles of the Migration Experience • Temporary Labor or Study • Prolonged Stay, Links Develop, Ethnic Network • Family members join the Worker • Permanent Settlement (Children)

  22. NC Latino Growth in NC GENERAL DEMOGRAPHIC INFORMATION Dr. H. Nolo Martínez Director Hispanic/Latino Affairs Office of the Governor

  23. Contemporary migration: Major issues • Complex identity formation: • New working classes • transnationalism and dispora • Multiculturalism and "National Coherence” (politics of recognition)

  24. A new working class?

  25. Transnationalism and Diasporas • Maintain close links with home countries • Play major role in political and economic processes in their home countries: • E.g. South African, Eritreans, immigrants (Post-conflict reconstruction)

  26. Transnationalisms

  27. National Identities and the Challenge of Immigrants • Citizenship Rights? Blood or Soil? • Multiculturalism and "National Coherence" • Europe: issue of migration from former colonies, workers from Eastern Europe and Middle East • In Europe, 1990-1995: migration accounted for 88% of population growth

  28. Rise of anti-Immigration sentiments • Netherlands • France

  29. Xenophobia and the New RightPim Fortuyn(Source: The Independent, Tuesday 7 May 2002)

  30. Take the US Census Bureau Pop Quiz: http://www.census.gov/population/socdemo/foreign/p20-534/quiz/popquiz.html

  31. Immigration in the U.S.A. http://www.immigration-usa.com/i_suphwy.html http://www.wave.net/upg/immigration/resource.html

  32. BBC Asian Diasporas • http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/news/asiand_family.shtml • http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/news/asiand_business.shtml • http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/news/asiand_politics.shtml

  33. Europe: Migration debate • Sheila Barter, Le Pen’s success ‘stuns’ ethnic minorities BBC Online: http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/1949154.stm • Paul Reynolds, ‘Fortress Europe’ raises the drawbridge BBC Online: http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/2042779.stm

  34. Rise of Pim Fortuyn and immigration in the Netherlands: http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/static/in_depth/world/2002/europe_and_I…/netherlands.st

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