Prenatal Development

1. Prenatal Development Chapter 4

2. Development • Prenatal development is the development of a baby during the period before birth. • Usually considered in three stages: the period of the zygote, the period of the embryo, the period of the fetus.

3. Family Planning • Conception • About once every 28 days an egg is released, called the Ovum. The egg moves through the fallopian tube to the Uterus, or womb, the organ in a woman’s body in which a baby develops during pregnancy. • An ectopic pregnancy is when the baby starts to grow somewhere other than the uterus, such as the fallopian tube. They are dangerous for the mother and do not end in a live birth.

4. Three Stages of Pregnancy • The Germinal/Zygote Stage • Only lasts 2 weeks • The Embryonic Stage • 3rd week through the 8th • The Fetal Stage • 8th or 9th week until birth

5. Early Signs of Pregnancy • A missed period • A full feeling or mild ache in the lower abdomen • Tiredness or faintness • A frequent, urgent need to urinate • Swollen breasts • Nausea or vomiting

6. Medical Care • Obstetrician – is a doctor who specializes in pregnancy and childbirth. • The 1st Exam • Check blood pressure, weight, etc • Discuss medical history • Pelvis measurement • Urine analysis • Blood test • Anemia – Condition caused by lack of iron, which results in poor appetite, tiredness, and weakness. • Figure due date • Periodic Checkups • Once a month until about the sixth or seventh month. • Twice a month until eighth month • Once a week during final month.

8. Embryo Stage • The developing of the clustering of cells in the uterus during about the third through eighth week of pregnancy. • The mass of cells develops into all the major organ systems of the human body. • The embryo grows rapidly. By the end of this stage, the placenta, tissue that connects the sacs around the unborn baby to the mother’s uterus develop. • The umbilical cord, a long tube that connects the placenta to the unborn baby, develops. Nourishment and oxygen from the mother’s bloodstream are carried from the placenta to the developing baby. • The growing embryo is soon surrounded by a bag of liquid, the amniotic fluid it acts as a cushion to protect the embryo.

9. Discomforts • Nausea or vomiting • Sleepiness • Heartburn • Shortness of breath • Varicose Veins • Muscle cramps in the legs • Lower back pain

10. Fetus Stage • Begins 8th or 9th week until birth. • The embryo has developed the beginnings of all organs and body parts. • Facial features are forming • The sensation of feeling life is called quickening.

11. Possible Complications • Vaginal bleeding • Unusual weight gain • Excessive thirst • Reduced or painful urination. • Severe abdominal pain • Fever • Swelling of face, hands, or ankles • Blurred vision or dizziness • Prolonged backache • Increased vaginal mucus

12. Weight Gain During Pregnancy • A woman usually gains about 24 to 30 pounds during pregnancy. • Gaining 20 pounds is an essential part of ensuring a healthy baby, by not gaining 20 pounds there is an increased risk of fetal death and will likely give birth prematurely.

13. Month by Month Chart • www.justmommies.com › Pregnancy › First Trimester • www.phc-sgv.org/ftchart.htm • www.webmd.com/baby/ss/slideshow-fetal-development • www.babycenter.com/fetal-development-week-by-week

14. Every human baby receives a total of 46 chromosomes, tiny threadlike particles in the nucleus of every cell that carry heredity characteristics. • Each parent gives 23. • Each chromosomes contains thousands of genes, the units that determine inherited characteristics. • Dominant = stronger • Recessive = weaker

15. Family Planning • The Role of Genetics • For each inherited characteristic, a person receives two copies of a gene. One from mom and one from dad. If both are the same then the child automatically has that characteristic. • A dominant gene is a stronger gene than the recessive. The recessive will not be expressed. • Recessive genes are only expressed when it is received from both parents. • Some traits may skip a generation, and children will not look like their parents but their grandparents. • Red hair usually skips a generation because it is a recessive gene. • Gender is determined the male. • X chromosome = a girl • Y = boy

16. Multiple Births • Twins are the most common. • Identical • Sperm fertilizes one egg and then the cells divide • Will look alike, have similar characteristics, and are always the same gender • Fraternal • Two eggs are released at the same time and fertilized by two different sperm. • May not look alike, common to be opposite genders • In a general population, 3 in 100 births are twins, or 3%. Identical twins are much less common than fraternal. Out of 1,000 births, about 23 will be fraternal and 4 will be identical.

17. Infertility • Options for Infertile Couples • Adoption • A couple takes legal responsibilities and rights for raising a child. • Artificial Insemination • Doctor injects sperm into a woman’s uterus. Timed to take place when an ovary is released. • In Vitro Fertilization • Used when a woman has damaged fallopian tubes. Takes an ovum and a sperm, it if becomes fertilized, the doctor places it in the woman’s uterus. Egg must then attach itself to the uterus. • Ovum Transfer • Similar to in vitro, except an ovum has been donated by another woman. • Surrogate Mother • A woman who becomes pregnant to have a baby for another woman.

18. Problems in Prenatal Development • Losing a Baby • Miscarriages are fairly common. About 15% of recognized pregnancies end in miscarriages. • Still unsure of the causes • Still birth occurs in about 2% of pregnancies. • The most common causes are problems with the placenta, abnormal chromosomes, poor growth, and infections

19. Problems in Prenatal Development • Hereditary Causes • Half the genes come from mother and half from father. • It is normal to get five or six imperfect recessive genes passed on to them. • Two types of diseases that can be passed through recessive inheritance are tay-sachs disease and cystic fibrosis • An example of dominant inheritance is Huntington’s disease, it does not appear until middle age

20. Problems in Prenatal Development • Errors in Chromosomes • Not hereditary defects, because neither parent has the abnormal chromosome. • Most common is Down Syndrome. • 1 in 800 babies have this condition. • Risk for having a child with DS is high for mothers over the age 35.

21. Problems in Prenatal Development • Interaction of Heredity and Environment • Example child may inherit a tendency that may later lead to a heart defect. • Cleft lip, cleft palate, and spina bifida may be causes by a combination.

22. Problems in Prenatal Development • Birth Defects • Approximately 120,000 babies are born each year in the US with a birth defect. • Four main causes for birth defects are • Factors in the environment • Hereditary factors • Errors in chromosomes • A combination of environmental and hereditary factors

23. Problems in Prenatal Development • Environmental Causes • The nutritional balance of the mother’s diet • Any diseases or infections the mother has during pregnancy • Harmful substances the mother consumes, such as alcohol, over-the-counter medications, tobacco, and illegal drugs. • Some medicines that benefit the mother but hurt the baby. • Air pollution • Exposure to x-rays or high levels of radiation

24. Birth Defects • Cerebral Palsy • Cleft Lip • Cystic Fibrosis • Down Syndrome • Muscular Dystrophy • PKU • Sickle Cell Anemia • Spina Bifida • Tay-Sachs Disease • Fetal Alcohol Syndrome • SIDS • Conjectionitis • Huntington’s Disease

25. Prevention and Diagnosis of Birth Defects • Genetic Counseling • If there is a history of birth defects in the family, genetic counselors can explain the options and risks • Prenatal Tests • More than 100 birth defects can now be detected before a baby is born. • AFP is a blood test • Ultrasound • Amniocentesis withdrawing a sample of the amniotic fluid surrounding the unborn. • Chorionic Villi Sampling uses samples of tissues from the membrane that encases the fetus

26. Avoiding Dangers to the Baby • Effects of Alcohol and Drugs on Pregnancy • Avoid • Alcohol • Can cause FAS • 1 in 5 babies born with FAS do not live to 1. • Smoking • Causes low birth weight, premature birth, respiratory infections, allergies • X-rays • Causes birth defects • Caffeine in chocolate and drinks • Can increase fetal heart rate and movement, miscarriage, premature birth, low birth weight • Illegal drugs • May cause the baby to become addicted, brain damage, SIDS • Inhalants (fumes) and Hazardous chemicals

27. Avoiding Dangers to the Baby • Diseases and Infections • Occasionally, the mother might get an infection during pregnancy, some risk the fetus • Rubella • Can cause severe birth defects, like: blindness, deafness, heart disease, and mental retardation • Toxoplasmosis • Can cause blindness, hearing loss, and learning disabilities • Chicken pox • Can cause scarring of the skin, limb defects, eye problems • STI’s • Syphilis • Can cause skink rash, bone or facial deformities, deafness, or brain damage. May develop anemia, jaundice, or pneumonia. • Must be treated before the sixteenth week of pregnancy • AIDS • 35 to 65% risk that the virus will be passed on. Will cause seizures and retarded mental development • Genital Herpes • Can be born with brain infection or mr.

28. NUTRITION & EXERCISE DURING PREGNANCY

30. Guide to Good Eating During Pregnancy • Milk-Cheese Group - 3 servings (Pregnant Teens: add 1 serving)Count as 1 serving: 1 cup milk, 1 1/2 cup cottage cheese; 2 cups ice cream; 2, 1-inch cubes cheese. • Meat, Poultry, Fish and Beans - 3 servingsCount as one serving: 2 to 3 ounces meat, fish or poultry; 2 eggs; 2 slices lunch meat; 4 Tbls. peanut butter; 1 cup kidney, pinto or garbanzo beans • Fruit Group - 3 servings (Pregnant Teens: add 1 serving)Count as 1 serving: 3/4 cup juice; 1 medium banana, apple or orange. • Vegetable Group - 4 servings (Pregnant Teens: add 1 serving)Count as 1 serving: 1/2 cup cooked vegetables; 1 cup raw leafy vegetables; 3/4 cup juice. • Include every day:1 rich Vitamin C source such as citrus fruit and 1 dark green leafy vegetable. • Bread and Cereals Group - 9 servings (Pregnant Teens: add 1 to 2 servings)Count as 1 serving: 1 slice bread; 1-ounce ready-to-eat cereal; 1/2 to 3/4 cup cooked cereal or pasta. • Fats, Oils and Sweets Group - Use Sparingly Count as 1 serving: 1 Tbl. corn, safflower or cottonseed oil used in cooking or in salad dressing; 1 Tbl. butter or margarine.Cakes, pies, cookies, soft drinks, sugar, honey, candy, jams, jellies, gravies, butter, sour cream - Save these to eat only if you need extra calories after eating the basic needed foods.

31. Nutrition During Pregnancy • Each nutrient preforms very special functions and forms an essential part of a healthy diet. • Protein • Meat, fish, poultry, eggs, milk, cheese, and beans. • Protein is vital for the growth of the baby. • Vitamins • Protect against infection and disease, and regulate body processes. • Without vitamins a baby may be born with defects. • Need extra B vitamins • Release the energy in foods, build the nervous system, keep the digestive system working, and promote healthy skin. • Vitamin C • Helps build healthy teeth and gums, and helps make the material that holds body cells together. • Vitamin D • Aids in the development of strong bones and teeth. • Minerals • Need iron – it helps build the developing fetus build its own blood supply. • Calcium and phosphorous – help build the baby’s bones and teeth. • Carbohydrates and Fats • Necessary for heat and energy.

32. Bad diet can cause: • Premature birth • Low birth weight • Feeble, weak • Inability to breast feed • Deformed babies • complications at birth • Depression • Babies have fewer brain cells

33. BREAKFAST ½ grapefruit ¾ cup oatmeal 1 tsp raisins 1 whole wheat English muffin 1 tsp margarine LUNCH Salad with: 1 cup romaine lettuce ½ cup kidney beans, cooked ½ fresh tomato 1 oz skim mozzarella cheese 2 tbsp low calorie Italian dressing 1 bran muffin ½ cup cantaloupe chunks AFTERNOON SNACK 2 rice cakes 6 oz low-fat yogurt, plain ½ cup blueberries DINNER ¾ cup vegetables soup with ¼ cup cooked barley 3 oz chicken, w/o skin 1 baked potato ½ cup cooked broccoli 1 piece whole wheat bread 1 tbsp margarine 1 fresh peach BEDTIME SNACK 1 apple 2 cups popcorn, plain ¼ cup peanuts Sample Menu? 2000 Calories

34. Foods to avoid: • Ramen Noodles • Sodas • Pre-packaged lunches (like lunchables) • Almost all prepared, frozen meals • Iceberg lettuce

35. Personal Care and Activities • Rest • The need for rest varies from person to person • Exercise • Moderate exercise can help keep an expectant mother in good physical condition, and help maintain weight. • Walking, swimming, or biking, tennis or golf. • Hygiene • Daily baths or showers are especially important during pregnancy. The skin helps maintain correct body temperature and eliminate waste. • Other activities • Lifestyle should not change radically.

36. Exercise during Pregnancy • Reduces fatigue and helps manage stress • Increases endurance and strengthening muscles • Help relieve back pressure • Improve posture and balance • Improve circulation & lowers blood pressure • Helps prepare for the strain of labor. • Improve self image. • Regain figure faster.