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Bellwork

Bellwork. What is the function of the plasma membrane?. Chapter 3- Cells. Ch. 3.3- The Cellular Level of Organization & Intro to cells. Target #10- I can state the Structure & function of the cell wall. Cell Wall Found only in plant cells

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Bellwork

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  1. Bellwork What is the function of the plasma membrane?

  2. Chapter 3- Cells Ch. 3.3- The Cellular Level of Organization & Intro to cells

  3. Target #10- I can state the Structure & function of the cell wall • Cell Wall • Found only in plant cells • Permeable, but protects the cell in addition to the plasma membrane • Made of cellulose • Forms fibrils that lie at right angles to one another for strength

  4. Target #11- I can describe the structure and function of the nucleus • Nucleus • Found in eukaryotic cells • Stores genetic material • DNA • Governs the characteristics of the cell • Collected in structures called chromosomes • Found in a substance called nucleoplasm • Nucleolus • Produces rRNA, which makes ribosomes • Nuclear Envelope • A double membrane that separates the nucleus from the cytoplasm • Nuclear Pores • Holes which permit the bidirectional transport of the proteins and ribosomal subunits

  5. Ribosomes • Responsible for the synthesis of proteins using mRNA as a template • Composed of two subunits called “large” and “small” • Related to their relative size • A complex of rRNA and protein • Found in the cytoplasmand attached to the endoplasmic reticulum • Helps to synthesize different proteins than ones made at independent ribosomes Target #12- I can identify the structure & Function of ribosomesTarget #13- I can identify the location of ribosomes in the cell

  6. Target #14- I can differentiate between rough ER and smooth ER in terms of structure & Function • Endoplasmic Reticulum • A complicated system of membranous channels • Physically continuous with the outer membrane of the nuclear envelope • Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum • Covered with ribosomes • Cytoplasm side of membrane • Proteins are synthesized on ribosomes which pass into the interior of the rough ER • Proteins are bound for the membrane of the cell to be secreted • Smooth Endoplasmic Recticulum • Continuous with rough ER • Do not have ribosomes • Synthesizes the phospholipids that occur in membranes • Forms vesicles in which products are transported to the Golgi apparatus

  7. Golgi Apparatus • Consists of a stack of 3-20 slightly curved sacs • Light a stack of pancakes • Collects, sorts, packages, and distributes materials like proteins and lipids • One side is directed to the endoplasmic reticulum, the other is directed to the plasma membrane • Vesicles form at the edge of the sacs • Receives proteins and lipid-filled vesicles that bud from the ER • Packaged in secretory vesicles, which travel to the plasma membrane for secretion • Involved in the formation of lysosomes • Vesicles that contain proteins and remain within the cell • Different proteins have tags which identify it’s purpose • The golgi identifies the destination location based on these tages Target #15- I can describe the structure and function of the golgi apparatusTarget #16- I can describe how protein destinations are determined

  8. Target #17- I can describe the endomembrane system • Endomembrane System • Consists of the nuclear envelope, the endoplasmic reticulum, the golgi apparatus, and several vesicles • The transportation and product-processing section of the cell • Compartmentalizes the cell so that enzyme reactions are restricted to specific regions • Connected by transport vesicles

  9. Target #18- I can identify the function of the lysosome • Lysosomes • Membrane-bound vesicles produced by the Golgi apparatus • Contain digestive enzymes • Digests the macromolecules that enter the cell into simpler subunits

  10. Vacuole • A large sac • Found in both plant and animal cells, but much more prominent in plant cells • Storage of substances like water, sugars, salts, pigments (plant specific), and toxins Target #19- I can identify the function of the vacuole

  11. Target #20- I can describe the structure and the function of the chloroplast • Chloroplast • Use solar energy to synthesize carbohydrates • Process known as photosynthesis • Found only in plant cells • Contains the pigment chlorophyll, which is why plants are green • Bound by 2 membranes that enclose a fluid-filled space called the stroma • Contains its own genome and makes it’s own proteins • A membrane system within the stroma is organized into flattened sacs called thylakoids • Several thylakoids form stacks called grana

  12. Target #21- I can identify the structure and the function of the mitochondria • Mitochondria • Found in both plants & animals • Known as the “power plants” of the cell • Substrates broken down into the cytoplasm are transported, and converted, into ATP • Involved in cellular differentiation and cell death • Divide by splitting in two • Bound by a double-membrane • Inner membrane folds to form cristae • Provide larger surface area • Has an inner fluid-filled space called the matrix • Contains ribosomes and enzymes • Contain their own DNA and encode some of their own proteins • Number varies according to cell’s function • Mitochondria come from the maternal line • Mitochondrial DNA helps in population studies

  13. Cytoskeleton • Made of proteins that interconnect and extend from the nucleus to the plasma membrane • Contains actin filaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules • Maintains cell shape and allows its organelles to move • Parts, made of proteins, can be assembled and disassembled as needed Target #22- I can describe the cytoskeleton

  14. Target #23- I can describe the structure and function of actin filaments • Actin Filaments • Also called microfilaments • Long, thin, flexible fibers that occur in meshlike bundles or networks • Contains two twisted chains • Play a structural role when they form a dense, complex web just under the plasma membrane • Anchored by special proteins • Interacts with motor molecules • Proteins that attach, detach, and reattach along an actin filament

  15. Target #24- I can describe the structure and function of intermediate filaments • Intermediate filaments • A ropelike assembly of fibrous polypeptides • Supports the nuclear envelope, plasma membrane, and/or take part in the formation of cell-to-cell junctions

  16. Target #25- I can describe the structure of microtubules • Microtubules • Small, hollow cylinders • Made of the globular protein tubulin • Regulation is controlled by a microtubule organizing center • Known as the centrosome • Centrioles are short cylinders of microtubules that aid in cell division

  17. Cilia & Flagella • Hair-like projections that can move either in an undulating fashion, like a whip, or stiffly, like an oar • Allow for cellular movement • Ex: sperm, inner ear, lungs, paramecium • Membrane bound cylinders composed of microtubules Target #26- I can identify the structure and function of cilia & flagella

  18. Inside the Cell

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