David N. Cuevas Miranda, Ph.D. US EPA Caribbean Environmental Protection Division, Guaynabo, PR

1. Evidence of coral reef accretion under unique environmental conditions: The Mid-Holocene fossil reefs of the Enriquillo Valley of Southwestern Dominican Republic David N. Cuevas Miranda, Ph.D. US EPA Caribbean Environmental Protection Division, Guaynabo, PR Clark E. Sherman, Ph.D. Dept. Marine Sciences, UPR-Mayagüez, PR Wilson Ramírez, Ph.D. Dept. of Geology, UPR-Mayagüez, PR Dennis K. Hubbard, Ph.D. Dept. of Geology, Oberlin College, Oberlin, OH Geol. Soc. of America Southeastern Section Meeting March 20-22, 2013, San Juan, Puerto Rico Section T12: Quaternary Caribbean Reef Systems

2. Statement of the Problem • High sedimentation rates/resuspension is one of the primary causes for coral reef decline in many areas of the world. • Yet, there is evidence of coral reefs that thrive in environments of very high sedimentation (e.g. inner reefs within the GBR in Australia) • Natural vs. Anthropogenic induced sedimentation: • Is there really a difference? • If there is a difference, are the effects on coral reefs different also? Ikonos Image Mayagüez Bay, Western PR. (Courtesy of GERS Lab, Dept. Of Geology, UPRM) Inner reefs in Mayagüez Bay with no coral and abundant macroalgae (Photo by J. Morelock)

3. Natural vs. anthropogenic • Some limitations: • Earliest coral reef studies date back only to the 1950’s • Possible changes within the coral reef require long time • Ecologists are looking at the fossil record. • If fine-scale changes documented over the past decades are shown to be unique, then human impact comes as a reasonable explanation

4. Fossil Approach • Study records of well-preserved fossil reefs in detail • Compare the documented changes with those occurring in modern reef. • Already been implemented in several studies (e.g. Pandolfi and Jackson, 2001; Aronson et al. 1998; 2002)

5. Previous Studies (Cont.) Pleistocene Fossil Coral Reef, Curaçao, Netherlands Antilles Drill Cores (by C. Sherman)

6. Cañada Honda Site From Cuevas et al. (2009)

7. Study site Modified from Mann et al. (2002)

8. Regional cross section across central Hispaniola (from Draper et al. 1994)

9. Landsat Image of SW Dominican Republic (Front cover of the 9th Caribbean Geological Conference) Cordillera Central Cuenca de San Juan Sierra de Neiba Cuenca de Enriquillo Sierra de Bahoruco

10. General Geology

11. Haiti Lago Enriquillo 10,000 CalBP Bahia Enriquillo ca. 3-4 kybp - Closure Haiti Modified from Hubbard et al. 2008

12. Modified from Budd et al. 2006

13. Why these reefs? • Well-preserved subaerial exposures (~10,000-4,000 yrs. ago, Mann et al, 1984; Taylor et al. 1985) • The record allows for close examination of reef changes • Influenced by high terrigenous sedimentation, before humans inhabited Hispaniola

14. Sand and silt Bed of Acropora cervicornis Upstream Las Clavellinas Site

15. Vertical Transect

16. Comparison with modern reef community structure data from Southwestern Puerto Rico Data summarized in Morelock et al. (2001)

17. Results Community Structure: • At least 22 species of Scleractinian corals (in transects) • Siderastrea siderea most abundant (47.4%) followed by Montastraea faveolata (8.73%) • Two major coral zones: • Branching coral zone • Siderastrea siderea zone • Mix-coral subzone • Massive coral subzone • Platy coral subzone

18. Coral Species Distribution

19. Stratigraphy of CH, transect and coral sample location, and stratigraphy

20. Coral Morphologies

21. Coral Morphology • Most morphologies typical of high sedimentation settings

22. High sedimentation Hubbard, 2005

23. Sediment bands

24. Comparison with SW Puerto Rico

25. Results (cont.) Sediment composition: • The Cañada Honda fossil reef sediment is characterized by the high percentage of carbonate material. • Carbonate varied from 84% to 96 %. • A significant portion of CaCO3 from allochtonous (terrigenous) sediment

26. Model for sediment mineralogy in CH

28. Discussion • Coral community structure in Cañada Honda has distinctive features characteristic of siltation stress: • Remarkable abundance of sediment tolerant coral species (e.g. S. siderea, M. faveolata, Agaricia spp.) • Coral cover dominated mostly by two species • Large colonies, few juveniles • Sediment bands within coral skeleton • Growth morphology (i.e. encrusting domes, plates, cones).

29. Discussion (cont.) • A. cervicornis zone similar to sites in protected environments with limited wave action throughout the Caribbean • Unique assemblage in CH • Overwhelming abundances of Siderastrea spp. • Absence of important coral genera (Diploria, Mycetophyllia, Meandrina)

30. Discussion (cont.) • Coral development at depths of ~10-12 m. • In typical reefs under siltation stress corals do not grow beyond depths of ~10 m). • High nutrients?: • phytoplanktonturbidity? • High abundance of macroborers (Lithophaga and barnacles) • High carbonate (CaCO3) content of terrigenous and reef sediment

31. Unique conditions in Cañada Honda • Other studies have documented high salinity fluctuations (Greer and Swart, 2006) • Could explain high abundance of Siderastrea spp. and the absence of other important genera • High content of CaCO3 in terrigenous sediment allowed better light penetration • Sedimentation events probably occurred sporadic, allowing time for reef corals to “keep-up” with rising sea-level and high sediment input.

32. Lessons from Cañada Honda • Yes, coral reefs thrive within natural conditions of high sedimentation • Substantial evidence for siltation stress • Highly resilient communities over thousands of years • Storms events • Mid-Holocene Thermal Maximum • Greer and Swart 2006; Greer et al. 2009

33. Conclusions • Although there is evidence for high sediment influx, the Cañada Honda fossil reef thrived and accreted for at least 3,000 years. • Unique conditions: • Protected marine setting + semiarid conditions + high salinity fluctuations + high terrigenous sediment with high CaCO3 • Development of the CH reef occurred under conditions of high sedimentation and depths close to 10-12m. • The high content of CaCO3 of the sediment allowed more light penetration. • Sedimentation was probably sporadic, allowing time for reef corals to grow back and “keep-up” with sedimentation and rising sea-level.

34. Acknowledgments • UPR-NASA Space Grant Program • AGEP program of UPRM • Southeastern section of the Geological Society of America • Center for Research and Development of UPRM • Sea Grant Program at UPRM. • NSF-EPSCoR program of the UPR. • Geology Department at UPRM • Marine Science Department at UPRM • The Faculty of Arts and Sciences –UPRM • Members of the thesis committee • The staff of Hospital San Antonio, Mayagüez, Puerto Rico • Vanessa Rosario, Viviana Díaz and Elisa Torres. • Dennis Hubbard, Karla Parsons-Hubbard and all the students from Oberlin College that were involved. • Secretaría de Estado y Ambiente of the Dominican Republic. • The staff of Hotel Iguana in La Descubierta.

35. Thank you!