Microorganisms

1. Microorganisms

2. A Riddle • It happens to some people rarely. • It happens to some people frequently. • It happens in our city, state country, and world every day. • It has happened to you. What is it?

3. Getting Sick

4. SWBAT • Understand and describe what a miroorganism is and what it does. • Compare a cell to an egg

5. Definition • A microorganism is a living thing that can only be seen with the aid of magnification, specifically a microscope. • All microorganisms are living things or organisms. • Some microorganisms are unicellular, or single celled. These are the smallest unit of life. • Other microorganisms are multi-cellular, or many celled.

6. Microorganisms requirements to live. • Food • Air • Water • Ways to dispose of waste. • An environment in which they can live.

7. Their Needs cont. • Some microorganisms are producers. This means they can make their own food from simple substances usually using sunlight like plants do • (photosynthesis) • Some microorganisms are consumers. This means they eat other organisms to get their food.

8. Where they live: • Microorganisms live all around us. They are in the air we breathe. They live in water, in soil, in hot springs, in ice, deep on the ocean floor, and high in the atmosphere. They are on everything we touch. They are on our skin and clothes. Many live inside our body. They are everywhere!!!!

9. Where they live cont. • While microorganisms can grow and live everywhere, they prefer to grow in a warm, dark, moist, place.

10. What They Do Microorganisms can be both helpful and harmful Some microorganisms are harmful. They can cause disease and make us sick, but most do not. Many microorganisms are helpful, and we benefit from them everyday. They are in foods we eat, are in the products we use, help us digest our food, and decompose waste on Earth.

11. Groups of Microorganism There are many different kinds of microorganisms. Scientists observe and classify microorganisms just as they do plants and animals. These classifications are determined by: 1. Shape and Structure 2. How they get food 3. Where they live 4 How they move

12. The 4 group of microorganisms we will be studying • Bacteria • Protists • Fungi • Viruses

13. SWBAT • Create an experiment to find the germiest places in the school. • Understand what bacteria are.

14. Bacteria

15. Bacteria Bacteria are microscopic single celled organisms that exist all around you and inside you. Unlike other single celled organisms, bacteria do not have a nucleus or organelles. They just have hereditary material floating in cytoplasm contained in a cell wall and cell membrane.

16. Bacterial Shapes Bacteria have 3 basic shapes: Spirilla (spiral) Bacillus (rod shaped) Coccus (round) Bacteria can occur alone, in pairs, in clumps, or in chains.

17. Where Bacteria Live • Bacteria live everywhere! In your body, in our food, on the surfaces you touch, in hot springs, on ice, etc. • On the outside of a bacterium is a capsule. This capsule: • Prevents the cell from drying out. • Helps the cell stick to other things (they cannot move on their own). • Help it survive in a variety of environments. • Bacteria need warmth, moisture, and food to survive. They grow best at body temperature. • If adverse conditions arise, the bacterium forms an endospore. This covering protects the hereditary material until conditions improve.

18. What bacteria eat • Bacteria need food for energy. • Autotrophs: make their own food through photo synthesis. • Heterotrops: find and consume food • Bacteria break down their food through a process called respiration. • Aerobic Respiration: with oxygen • Anaerobic Respiration: without oxygen

19. What bacteria eat cont. • Some bacteria are decomposers. They consume the remains of dead organisms and break down the organic matter • Some people consider decomposers to be harmful, but consider if the remains of ever living thing (insects, animals, plants, etc.) that ever lived were still on the Earth today. Bacteria break down these remains and turn them back into their original chemicals which are carried into the ground where they nourish new plant growth. That is very helpful!!

20. How Bacteria reproduce • Bacteria reproduce through Binary Fission. This means they split in half and create a perfect copy of themselves. The frequency of fission depends on the temperature. Bacteria Reproduction

21. Bacteria Reproduction • This is the growth pattern for one bacterium during the course of one afternoon. How many bacteria are on Earth? • On average there are: • 40 million bacteria cells in a gram of soil • 1 million bacteria cells in a milliliter of fresh water. • It is estimated there are approximately five nonillion (5,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000) bacteria on Earth!

22. Bacteria are Helpful and Harmful • Bacteria are both helpful and harmful. • Helpful: • Sewage Treatment • Digest Food • Nitrogen for Plants • Make some foods (yogurt, buttermilk, cheese, sour cream, etc.) • Harmful • Disease (strep throat, food poisoning, plague, etc.) • Infection

23. Ways to Protect Yourself from Harmful Bacteria • Wash your body with soap and warm water. • Wash your clothes. • Brush your teeth. • Keep the house clean. • Wash and put antiseptic on cuts. • Use medicine like antibiotics when sick.

24. Protists

25. Protists Protists are single celled microscopic organisms that usually live in water. Protists are very hard to classify http://vimeo.com/53375158

26. Protists Cont. Scientists have the same problems when they try to classify protist. They don’t fit easily into categories, and scientists don’t always agree where they should be placed. Scientists consider the protist’s size and shape, how it gets food, how it moves, and more. Protists on the Move: Unlike bacteria, most protists can move by one of three methods. 1 Flagella: whip-like tail (Whips back and forth to propel the protist through the water.) 2. Cilia: small, hair-like extensions (Wave back and forth like mini oars to propel the protest through the water. They can also be used to obtain food) 3. Pseudopod: means false foot (Reaches out and drags itself along. A pseudopod can also be used to capture and bring in food.)

27. Protists Cont. • If a protist does have a nucleus and organelles, is it larger or smaller than other bacteria? (larger) • Groups of Protists: • Animal-like • Plant-like • Fungus-like • Animal like Protist: • Animal-like protists are single-celled or colonial organisms called protozoans • They can live in both fresh and salt water, in the soil, and in the bodies of other organisms. • All protozoans get their food from the environments, just like animals. • Some absorb nutrients through their cell membranes, others engulf larger particles of food. • Some common animal-like protists are:

28. Protist Cont. • Plant-like Protists: • Plant-like protists, commonly called algae, make their own food through photosynthesis like plants. Some are single-celled while others are multicellular organisms. • Some common plant-like protists are:

29. Protists • Fungus-like Protists • Fungus –like protists are similar to fungi. They have spore producing bodies and act as decomposers.

30. Protists are helpful and harmful Protists are both helpful and harmful. Helpful Primary Food source for many ocean animals. Used in food such as ice cream and sushi Used in items such as paint, cosmetics, toothpaste, etc. Make oxygen. Decomposers Harmful Disease

31. Fungi

32. Fungi • Fungi are simple organisms that are neither plant nor animal, yet have characteristics of both and absorb food from whatever organic source on which they are growing. • Since they eat and absorb anything organic fungi are decomposers. • There are 3 common groups of fungi: • Mold • Mushrooms • Yeast

33. MOLD Have you ever seen mold? Mold is found in many places and grows under a variety of conditions where air and moisture are present. The mold we see with the naked eye is actually a colony of millions of mold cells growing together. Molds vary in appearance. Some are fluffy and filament-like, some are moist and glossy, and some are slimy.

34. MOLD cont. The mold absorbs food from the item on which it is growing to live and produces new cells. Molds reproduce through spores which are carried by air currents and deposited to start new mold colonies when conditions are right. Molds are helpful in producing foods. They add flavor and color to cheese and make soy sauce. They also make chemicals like citric and lactic acid and many enzymes. Molds are harmful in spoiling food. Since mold spores are abundant in the air, any food allowed to stand in the open soon becomes contaminated with mold. Some types of mold can also grow in cool temperatures, so mold can grow on foods in the refrigerator. Some molds produce poisons called mycotoxins.

35. MUSHROOMS Mushrooms are part of a group called Club Fungi The fruiting body of a mushroom that we see above ground is made of a cap with gills underneath and attached to a stalk. Under the ground the “roots” of a mushroom are really mycelium, which grow in very fertile soil or other organic matter. The mycelium may slowly grow underground for years waiting for the right conditions under which to produce the fruiting body or mushroom. Mycelium is composed of hyphae. The spores are formed by gills located under the cap. When time is right, the gills release the spores which are carried by air currents and deposited to start new growth.

37. Yeast • Yeasts are small, single celled organisms. • Most yeast need sugars and starches to live which helps them produce carbon dioxide, gas, and alcohol. • Yeast are helpful in food production. They make bread rise and ferment beverages such as wine and beer. They played an initial role in the production of vinegar. • Yeasts can grow in extreme conditions. This means they can spoil food in meat coolers and refrigerators. They can also spoil sweet foods like honey, jellies, maple syrup, or fermented foods like pickles and sauerkraut which bacteria cannot. • Some yeast can cause infections, but they are less common than bacterial infections.

38. Viruses

39. Viruses Some scientists think viruses are living things, and some do not. They are much smaller than a cell and do not have organelles. In fact, a cell can hold over 500 viruses! Viruses are so small scientists knew they existed long before they could see them. They could not be seen until the 1930s when a electron microscope was invented by Ernst Ruska.

40. Viruses cont. Inside a virus is its genetic information. This is the programming a virus needs to reproduce itself. The outside of a virus is a protein coat that protects the genetic information and helps it attach to cells. Viruses can only do one thing – reproduce. They must us a host cell to reproduce. A virus can only infect one cell. Its receptors only fit one particular type of cell, just like a key only fits one lock.

41. Explain how a virus infects a cell. Virus attaches itself to a cell. Inserts its genetic material. The genetic material takes control over the cell’s functions. The cell begins making many copies of the virus. The cell bursts releasing the viruses into the body. The viruses each seek out a new cell. http://youtu.be/Rpj0emEGShQ

42. Your Immune System: • Most viral diseases are contagious. They can be passed from one person to another. • Some are passed through the air by coughing and sneezing • Some are passed through body fluids like blood. Some are spread by direct contact like shaking hands. • Your body has a defense system to protect itself from viruses called an Immune System. • List the parts of your body’s immune system: • 1. Skin • 2. White Blood Cells • 3. Antibodies • 4. T-Cells • 5. Interferon

43. Viruses • Once you have had a virus and recovered, you cannot get the same virus again. Your body will have made antibodies specifically designed to protect you from that particular virus. The antibodies block the cell, so the virus is unable to attach to it. • You can slow the spread of viruses by: • 1. Washing your hands • 2. Covering your mouth and nose when you sneeze or cough. • 3. Avoiding direct contact with those that are sick. • 4. Getting enough sleep • 5. Keeping your body healthy • Most common harmful viruses is the common cold and the flu

44. Viruses are Helpful and Harmful • Viruses are both helpful and harmful. • Helpful • Some infections are helpful, since they increase a person’s immune system. Harmful Disease:Chicken Pox, Common Cold, Polio, Measles, Mumps, Rabies, Warts, Cold Sores, Some Cancers (but not all), Flu – An epidemic of the influenza virus in 1918 killed 30 million people.