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Background

Background. Machiavelli was a diplomat for the Florentine republic and carried on negotiations on behalf of his city. In 1512, he was ousted from political service He then sought a patron and appealed for a great ruler to unify Italy. Events of the time. High Renaissance in Rome

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Background

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  1. Background • Machiavelli was a diplomat for the Florentine republic and carried on negotiations on behalf of his city. • In 1512, he was ousted from political service • He then sought a patron and appealed for a great ruler to unify Italy

  2. Events of the time • High Renaissance in Rome • Political chaos in Italy • Henry VIII ruling England • Ferdinand of Aragon ruling Spain

  3. The Northern Renaissance Compliments of Susan Pojer

  4. How did Northern Humanism spread? • By the learning imported by students returning to the Netherlands from Italy • The French invasions of Italy • Occurred between 1495- 1559

  5. How did these invasions start? • Ludovico (Il Moro) Sforza, of Milan, asked the French king, Charles VIII to aid him when Milan was challenged by Italian city- state rivals Naples, Florence and the Borgia Pope Alexander VI (who ruled the papal states). • Charles VIII responded with an invasion of Florence and Naples. • When Piero de Medici attempted to appease Charles VIII, Girolamo Savanorola helped agitate the Florentines, and they exiled Piero. • Louis XII, Charles’s successor, eventually invaded Milan in 1499

  6. What is the conclusion of these invasions? • Italy’s political power declines • The states of Italy, which had wielded power disproportionate to their size during the Middle Ages and the Renaissance, were reduced to second-rate powers or destroyed entirely. • France fought too many wars in Italy and outspent itself • By the end of the wars in 1559, Habsburg Spain had been established as the premier power of Europe, to the detriment of France.

  7. Northern Renaissance Writers

  8. Desiderious Erasmus (1466- 1536) • The most famous of northern Renaissance writers • Tried to unite the classical ideal of civic virtue with Christian ideals • His works included opposition to church involvement in government and satirized (ridiculed) religious superstition. • Produced a Greek edition of the New Testament (1516) • Also wrote, Praise of Folly in which he made fun of greedy merchants, heart sick lovers, argumentative lovers and pompous (arrogant) priests

  9. Thomas More (1478- 1535) • English humanist • Good friends with Erasmus. • Best known for Utopia, a critique of society that envisioned an imaginary society based on tolerance and communal property. • Wrote in Latin

  10. Northern Renaissance Art

  11. Renaissance Art in Northern Europe • Should not be considered an addition to Italian art. • But, Italian influence was strong. • Painting in OIL, developed in Flanders, was widely adopted in Italy. • The differences between the two cultures: • Italy change was inspired by humanism with its emphasis on the revival of the values of classical antiquity (Rome and Greece). • No. Europe  change was driven by religious reform (change), the return to Christian values, and the revolt against the authority of the Church. • More princes & kings were patrons of artists.

  12. Characteristics of Northern Renaissance Art • Tendency toward realism & naturalism [less emphasis on the “classical ideal”]. • Interest in landscapes. • More emphasis on middle-class and peasant life. • Details of domestic interiors. • Great skill in portraiture.

  13. Flemish Realism

  14. Jan van Eyck (1395 – 1441) • More courtly and aristocratic work. • Court painter to the Duke of Burgundy, Philip the Good. • The Virgin and Chancellor Rolin, 1435.

  15. Van Eyck -Adoration of the Lamb, Ghent Altarpiece, 1432

  16. Van Eyck: The Crucifixion&The Last Judgment1420-1425

  17. Giovanni Arnolfini and His Wife(Wedding Portrait)Jan Van Eyck1434

  18. Jan van Eyck - Giovanni Arnolfini & His Wife(details)

  19. Rogier van der Weyden (1399-1464) The Deposition 1435

  20. van der Weyden’s Deposition (details)

  21. Quentin Massys (1465-1530) • Belonged to the humanist circle in Antwerp that included Erasmus. • Influenced by da Vinci. • Thomas More called him “the renovator of the old art.” • The Ugly Dutchess, 1525-1530 

  22. Massys’The Moneylender & His Wife, 1514

  23. France

  24. Renaissance Art in France • A new phase of Italian influence in France began with the French invasions of the Italian peninsula that began in 1494. • The most important royal patron was Francis I. • Actively encouraged humanistic learning. • Invited da Vinci to France. • He collected paintings by the great Italian masters like Titian, Raphael, and Michelangelo.

  25. Jean Clouet – Portrait of Francis I, 1525

  26. The School of Fontainebleau • It revolved around the artists at Francis I’s Palace at Fontainebleau. • A group of artists that decorated the Royal Palace between the 1530s and the 1560s. • It was an offshoot of the Mannerist School of Art begun in Italy at the end of the High Renaissance. • characterized by a refined elegance, • Their work incorporated allegory in accordance with the courtly liking for symbolism.

  27. The School of Fontainebleau • Gallery [right] by Rosso Fiorentino & Francesco Primaticcio • 1528-1537

  28. Germany

  29. Lucas Cranach the Elder (1472-1553) • Court painter at Wittenberg from 1505-1553. • His best portraits were of Martin Luther (to the left).

  30. Lucas Cranach the Elder Old Man with a Young Woman Amorous Old Woman with a Young Man

  31. Matthias Grünewald (1470-1528) • Converted to Lutheranism. • Possibly involved in the Peasants’ Revolt on the peasants side. • Depictions of intense emotion, especially painful emotion. • The Mocking of Christ, 1503

  32. Matthias Grünewald’s The Crucifixion, 1502

  33. Albrecht Dürer (1471-1528) • The greatest of German artists. • A scholar as well as an artist. • His patron was the Emperor Maximilian I. • Also a scientist • Wrote books on geometry, fortifications, and human proportions. • Self-conscious individualism of the Renaissance is seen in his portraits. •  Self-Portrait at 26, 1498.

  34. Dürer – Self-Portrait in Fur-Collared Robe, 1500

  35. Dürer The Last Supperwoodcut, 1510

  36. Durer – The Triumphal Arch, 1515-1517

  37. The Triumphal Arch, details

  38. The Triumphal Arch, details

  39. Dürer FourHorsemenof theApocalypsewoodcut, 1498

  40. England

  41. Hans Holbein, the Younger (1497-1543) • One of the great German artists who did most of his work in England. • While in Basel, he befriended Erasmus. • Erasmus Writing, 1523  • Henry VIII was his patron from 1536. • Great portraitist noted for: • Objectivity & detachment. • Doesn’t conceal the weaknesses of his subjects.

  42. Artist to the Tudors Henry VIII (left), 1540 and the future Edward VI (above), 1543.

  43. Holbein’s, The Ambassadors, 1533 A Skull

  44. Multiple Perspectives

  45. The English Were More Interested in Architecture than Painting Hardwick Hall, designed by Robert Smythson in the 1590s, for the Duchess of Shrewsbury [more medieval in style].

  46. Burghley House for William Cecil The largest & grandest house of the early Elizabethan era.

  47. The Low Countries

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