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Colonizing a Continent in the Seventeenth Century

Explore the colonization of North America in the 17th century, from the Chesapeake Tobacco Coast to Massachusetts and its offspring, and the formation of new societies. Learn about the impact of colonization on indigenous peoples and the introduction of slavery.

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Colonizing a Continent in the Seventeenth Century

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  1. 3 Colonizing a Continent in the Seventeenth Century

  2. Colonizing a Continent in the Seventeenth Century • The Chesapeake Tobacco Coast • Massachusetts and Its Offspring • From the St. Lawrence to the Hudson • Proprietary Carolina: A Restoration Reward • The Quakers’ Peaceable Kingdom • New Spain’s Northern Frontier • An Era of Instability • Conclusion: The Achievement of New Societies

  3. The Chesapeake Tobacco Coast

  4. The Chesapeake Tobacco Coast • The Virginia Company • Colonists and their goals • The region’s geography • Introduction of tobacco • Labor Requirements • Indentured Servant

  5. A History of Virginia

  6. Maryland • Proprietary colony, Lord Baltimore • Goals • Commercial • Catholic refuge • Attempted to install manorial system

  7. Reconstructed Chesapeake planter’s house

  8. Daily Life • High mortality rate • Volatility of tobacco economy • Discontent • Governor Berkeley versus settlers • Settlers versus Indians • Bacon’s Rebellion

  9. The Institution of Slavery • Slaves uncommon in 1600s • Some crops required greater labor: tobacco, rice • Bacon’s Rebellion changes attitudes towards indentured servants • White laborers replaced by black slaves • “Black Codes” distinguish slaves from free citizens

  10. Massachusetts and Its Offspring

  11. The Puritans • Product of religious change in England • Catholics, Church of England, Puritans • Sometimes tolerated, sometimes persecuted • Under James I, many Puritans emigrate • First to Holland • Then to North America

  12. Early New England

  13. Plymouth Plantation • Arrive at Cape Code, November 1620 • Establish Plymouth Colony • Under William Bradford • Encountered Algonquian Indians

  14. Massachusetts Bay • Massachusetts Bay Company • Directors set up framework of government • Self-government in the New World • Economy: fishing, timber, fur trade • Government and church membership intertwined

  15. Rhode Island • Roger Williams • Pushed for greater religious reform • Founds Providence, RI in 1635 • Anne Hutchinson • Antinomianism • Banished • Joins Williams in Rhode Island

  16. Daily Life • Relations with Indians • Few confrontations at first • Greater pressure from colonists from 1630s

  17. Daily Life (cont’d) • Life centered on villages • Village life dominated by church • Strong local authority • Strong family ties • Women have an important role as mothers, educators • Literacy, education become important

  18. The Mason Children

  19. Organization • Confederation of New England • Formed in 1643 • Unified defense • King Philip’s War, 1676 • Against the Wampanoag leader Metcomet • Bloody, widespread conflict • Fixes the frontier for decades • Long-lasting devastation for Indians

  20. Slavery • Never as important as in colonies further south • Triangular trade • New England Rum • West Indies sugar • African slaves

  21. From the St. Lawrence to the Hudson

  22. Early Settlers • Setting • Algonquian Indians in St. Lawrence region • Iroquois to the south • Huron along the Great Lakes • Samuel de Champlain • Alliance with Algonquian Indians • Pattern of Indian alliances • Alternately with French and English

  23. Restoration Colonies: New York, the Jerseys, Pennsylvania, and the Carolinas

  24. New Netherland • Dutch settle at the mouth of the Hudson, 1624 • Dutch West India Company • Based on trade • Diverse • Good relations between Dutch and Iroquois

  25. New Netherland (cont'd) • New Netherland taken by English, 1675 • Dutch lose foothold in North America • New Netherland becomes New York

  26. Proprietary Carolina:A Restoration Reward

  27. Proprietary Carolina:A Restoration Reward • Charles II grants territory to supporters • Seven proprietors found Carolina • They offered land and religious freedom to settlers • Carefully planned colony • Established peaceful trade with Indians • Many immigrants from Barbados, Virginia • Ignored proprietors plans • Captured Indians, sold them as slaves

  28. Restoration Colonies: New York, the Jerseys, Pennsylvania, and the Carolinas

  29. Economy and Society • Difficult climate in coastal Carolina • Population grew slowly • Rice cultivation – labor intensive • Slavery imported by settlers from Barbados • Easier life in northern Carolina • Mixed economy, with tobacco dominant

  30. The Quakers’ Peaceable Kingdom

  31. Foundations • Quakers • Restoration of Charles II curbs religious experimentation • Emigrate from England in the 1660s • Distinguished from other Protestants • Simple dress • Believed in individual religious experience • Ideas of social equality extended to women

  32. Restoration Colonies: New York, the Jerseys, Pennsylvania, and the Carolinas

  33. First Settlements • William Penn • Establishes West Jersey, 1674 • Liberal constitution: “we put the people in power” • Given new territory in 1681

  34. Concluding a Treaty with the Indians

  35. First Settlements (cont’d) • Pennsylvania, settled from 1682 • Peaceful dealings with Delaware Indians • Indian refugees drawn in • Stable, successful colony • New settlers drawn to the colony • Change relations with Indians

  36. New Spain’s Northern Frontier

  37. Background • Spain’s territory in North America • On fringe of enormous empire • Relied on forced Indian labor

  38. Spanish Missions in New Mexico and Florida in the Late Seventeenth Century

  39. Popé’s Revolt • Renewed attempts to convert Indians in 1670s • Pueblo people alienated by harsh treatment • Hard hit by European diseases • Attacks on religious practices leads to uprising

  40. Popé’s Revolt (cont'd) • Popé • Spiritual leader • Organized uprising • Spain changes tack • Retreats for decades • More tolerance for Pueblo customs

  41. Florida • Franciscan missions active in Florida • South Carolina settlers attack • Capture Indians to sell as slaves • Spanish missions destroyed in 1680s • Queen Anne’s War, 1701 • Spain left only with St. Augustine • Florida comes under French and English influence

  42. An Era of Instability

  43. An Era of Instability, 1688 to 1690 • England increases colonial regulation • Trade tied more closely to England • Steady trend towards more control • James II, becomes King of England, 1685 • Creates Dominion of New England • Ruled by Sir Edmund Andros

  44. An Era of Instability, 1688 to 1690 (cont'd) • Glorious Revolution – new dynasty in England • Andros taken • Jacob Leisler establishes government • New governor arrives, Leisler hanged

  45. An Era of Instability, 1688 to 1690 • Upheavals in England have lasting legacy • Attempts to impose strict hierarchy • Tradition of rebellion established • Accusations of witchcraft in Salem • Brief, isolated burst of hysteria • Stopped by colonial leaders after several months

  46. Conclusion:The Achievement of New Societies

  47. Conclusion:The Achievement of New Societies • By 1700 • Twelve English colonies • Surrounded by French and Spanish colonies • Native Americans overwhelmed by disease, war • Colonial life • Difficult conditions • Self-reliance • New identity from fusion of peoples

  48. Timeline

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