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Cancer

Learn about the different stages and types of cancer, including lung, colon, breast, prostate, and skin cancers. Discover risk factors, detection methods, treatments, and prevention strategies. Understand the role of DNA mutations and genetic factors in cancer development.

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Cancer

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  1. Cancer Chapter 16

  2. Figure 16.1 Percentage of all cancer deaths linked to risk factors

  3. What is cancer? • Definition: An abnormal and uncontrolled growth of cells that can lead to death • Tumor: A mass of tissue that serves no physiological purpose • Benign tumor: Mass of cells enclosed in a membrane that prevents their penetration of other tissues • Malignant tumor: Mass of cells that can invade surrounding tissues • Every case of cancer begins as a genetic change in a cell that allows it to grow and divide when it should not.

  4. Metastasis • Definition: The spread of cancer cells from one part of the body to another • Primary tumor: original location of cancer • Secondary tumors: New tumors

  5. Figure 16.2 Tumor development occurs in stages

  6. Cancer stages Staging is based on size

  7. Types of cancer • Classified according to types of cells that give rise to them • Carcinomas – arise from epithelial tissue • Ex., skin • Sarcomas – arise from connective tissue • Bone, cartilage, etc. • Lymphomas- arise from lymph nodes • Leukemias - Cancer of the blood-forming cells in bone marrow.

  8. The incidence of cancer • American Cancer Society Estimates: • 90% of skin cancer could have been prevented by protecting the skin from the sun • 87% of lung cancer could be prevented by avoiding exposure to tobacco smoke • Regular screening and self-examinations could save an additional 100,000 lives per year.

  9. Lung cancer • Leading cause of cancer deaths in the U.S. • ~158,000 deaths/year • Risk factors • Tobacco smoke (including ETS) contributes to 90% of lung cancer deaths • Detection • Symptoms: Persistent cough, chest pain, or recurring bronchitis • Difficult to detect early and symptoms usually do not appear until the invasive stage • Diagnosis: CT scan, chest x-ray or sputum examination, bronchoscopy

  10. Lung cancer • Treatment • If caught early, localized cancers can be treated with surgery • A combination of radiation and/or chemotherapy can be used in addition to surgery

  11. Colon and rectum (colorectal) cancer • Risk factors • Age (91% of cases occur in people 50 or older) • Heredity, genetic propensity to develop polyps • Diet, smoking, excessive alcohol use and obesity

  12. Colon and rectum (colorectal) cancer • Detection and treatment • Symptoms: bleeding from rectum and changes in bowel habits • Regular screening tests are recommended beginning at age 50 • Treatment • Primarily Surgery • Radiation and chemotherapy can be used

  13. Breast cancer • Most common cancer in women • Causes almost as many deaths in women as lung cancer • Risk factors • Strong genetic factor: inheriting mutated BRCA1/2 genes • Age: Most common in women over 50 • Early onset of menstruation • First child after 30 • Current use of HT • Unhealthy diet and lifestyle

  14. Breast cancer • Detection • Symptoms may include a lump, changes in size, dimpled, redness or a scaly of nipple or breasts • ACS recommends 1 mammogram/year (women over 40) • Clinical and Self breast exams (starting at age 20)

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  16. Breast cancer • Treatment • A cure is most likely if detected early • Removal of the tumor if discovered before it has spread.

  17. Prostate cancer • Most common cancer in men • Risk factors • Age (more than 60% of cases diagnosed in men over 65) • Genetic predisposition • Diet and Lifestyle • African American and Jamaican men have highest rates in the world

  18. Prostate cancer • Detection • Symptoms may include changes in urinary frequency, weak or interrupted urine flow, painful urination, blood in urine • Blood test: Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) • Rectal exam

  19. Prostate cancer • Treatment • Surgical removal of the prostate and radiation (depends on stage and age) • Radioactive seeds

  20. Cancers of the female reproductive tract • Cervical cancer • Most cases stem from human papillomavirus (HPV) infection (STD) • Prevention • The PAP test is a highly effective screening test for this cancer • All sexually active women ages 18-65 should be tested regularly • A vaccine against HPV is Gardasil

  21. Skin cancer • Main types of skin cancer • Basal cell carcinomas • Squamous cell carcinomas • Melanoma (most deadly type) • Most common form of cancer • 1 million cases per year (68,000 are melanoma) • Risk factors • Excessive exposure to UV rays • Pale skin, easily sunburned • Caucasians are 10X more likely than African Americans to develop basal and squamous cell carcinoma

  22. Skin cancer • Prevention • Avoid long term overexposure to sunlight • Detection of Melanoma • ABCD screen test

  23. Causes of cancer • The role of DNA mutations and Cancer • Mutagens: substances that cause mutations like radiation, certain viruses, ingested chemicals, environmental pollution • Oncogenes: A gene in which mutations are associated with the transformation of a normal cell into a cancer cell • Tumor suppressor gene: Type of oncogene that normally restricts cellular growth • Hereditary cancer risks • If a hereditary cancer, abnormal gene is present in sperm/egg • If not hereditary, a mutation has occurred • Tobacco Use • Dietary Factors -fried foods, low fiber, lack of phytochemicals from fruits and vegetables. • Inactivity and Obesity

  24. Causes of cancer • Cancer promoters • Cancer promoters do not directly produce mutations, instead they accelerate the growth of cells without damaging or permanently altering the DNA • Estrogen is an example

  25. Figure 16.8 The seven major warning signs of cancer

  26. Preventing Cancer • Lifestyle choices • Avoid tobacco • Control diet and weight • Regular exercise • Protect skin from the sun • Avoiding environmental and occupational carcinogens • Follow recommendations for cancer screenings 26

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