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Medieval Japan: Age of Warrior Rule?

Medieval Japan: Age of Warrior Rule?. Political Systems and Economy, 12 th -15 th c. Themes. Hybrid political and cultural world Multiple centers, or pillars, of power, political and economic Aristocratic and military Kyoto and elsewhere (Kamakura)

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Medieval Japan: Age of Warrior Rule?

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  1. Medieval Japan: Age of Warrior Rule? Political Systems and Economy, 12th-15th c.

  2. Themes • Hybrid political and cultural world • Multiple centers, or pillars, of power, political and economic • Aristocratic and military • Kyoto and elsewhere (Kamakura) • Weakening, gradual, of central government • Away from an era of aristocratic government • Entering an age of military power, more than military government

  3. Looking Ahead: 3 Major Warrior Governments Kamakura (1185-1333): military power and rule in tandem with Kyoto Muromachi (1336-1573): military takes over at center, yet reach is limited Edo (1600-1868): military stands supreme

  4. Burning of Sanjo Palace http://www.mfa.org/artemis/fullrecord.asp?oid=24523&did=300 Taira versus Minamoto: Genpei wars, 1180-85 • Minamoto: teeth and claws of Fujiwara, with base of power in East • Taira: warrior clan with power in West • Taira crush Minamoto in 1150s, entrench selves in Kyoto • Minamoto rise again, 1180s, under Yoritomo and prevail • Takes “shogun” title, 1192 (i-i-ku-ni=いい国) • Story told in The Tale of the Heiji and Tale of the Heike

  5. The first shogun: Minamoto Yoritomo In court robe and cap

  6. Kamakura-based “bakufu” Public Fujiwara or large temple Shogun Emperor Noble, shrine or temple Bureaucrats Shugo Provincial Governors Jitō Local strongman Shōen Hybrid Political and Economic Regimes Kyoto-Based Regime Private estates

  7. Kamakura legal system: adjudicating proprietor claims versus steward

  8. Land Steward Residence

  9. Genghis Khan emerges to dominate Asia Extent of Mongol control Marco Polo’s route Collapse of Kamakura bakufu Hōjō family emerges to dominate bakufu, 1200s

  10. Collapse of Kamakura bakufu: Mongol invasion

  11. Why Japan? Mongols subjugated Korea (Koryo) in 1258 Want to conquer S. Song (China) Japan is Song ally Japan seen as land of wealth Khubilai sends friendly letter, but with veiled threat… BACKGROUND REASONS ACTIONS

  12. The Japanese Response Court - unsure how to respond, willing to be conciliatory, wants to avoid war Bakufu - more aggressive, unwilling to be conciliatory, will risk war

  13. Kublai Kahn invasions

  14. Fighting Mongol invaders

  15. Fighting Mongol invaders

  16. Nichiren Prayers rewarded by “Kamikaze” (divine wind) 神風

  17. Ashikaga Takauji • Resides in Kyoto, • Revenue from commerce, trade • Weak control of land in provinces • Shugo emerge as local hegemons with warrior bands, the “kokujin”

  18. Muromachi “bakufu” Kamakura “bakufu” Public Shogun Fujiwara or large temple Shogun Emperor Shugo “daimyo” Noble, shrine or temple Bureaucrats Shugo Provincial Governors Jitō Local strongman Jitō Shōen Shift in Hybrid Regimes Private estates

  19. A feudal order? Emperor Monarch Shogun Pope Lord Shugo-protector Kokujin: knight Knight Cultivator

  20. Conclusions • Growing importance of military power • Hybrid Kamakura polity; multiple pillars • Weakening military government • Asian context as catalyst • Hybrid Ashikaga polity: Kyoto-based, losing control of countryside

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