Pronouns and Possessive Adjectives

1. Pronouns and Possessive Adjectives Definition of Pronouns Antecedent Types of Pronouns

2. Pronouns Replacements or substitutes for nouns and noun phrases

3. Antecedents A word, phrase, or clause that is replaced by a pronoun or other substitute. Note: Not all pronouns will refer to an antecedent.

4. Pronouns and Adjectives to be discussed • Personal • Reflexive • Demonstrative • Relative • Interrogatives • Indefinite • Intensive • Possessive Adjectives • Substantives

5. Personal Pronouns Show who or what is involved in the action. • Ego • Tu • Is, ea, id

6. Personal PronounsSpecial Note · The genitive of ego and tu is not used to show possession. There are possessive adjectives that mean (your, my, his, etc.) · When “cum” is used with a 1st and 2nd person pronoun, it is attached to the end of the respective word. Mēcum, tēcum, nobiscum, vobiscum

7. Reflexive Pronouns Translated as “…self/selves” A pronoun is reflexive when it refers to the subject of the sentence • 1st and 2nd person Use a form of ego and tu. • 3rd person Use a special form (Singular & Plural) Gen. Sui Dat. Sibi Acc Sē Abl Sē Ego mē video. I see myself. Tu tē vides. You see yourself. Marcus sē videt. Marcus sees himself.

8. Demonstrative Adjectives and Pronouns • May be used both as pronouns and as adjectives. • As pronouns, translate as – he, she, it, etc. • As adjectives they are translated as follows: A.Hic, haec, hoc = this (sing.) these (plural) B. Ille, illa, illud = that (sing.) those (plural) C. Iste, ista, istud = that one of yours (sing.) those one of yours (plural) D. Idem, eadem, idem = the same • Demonstrative adjectives are placed before the nouns they modify

9. Relative Pronouns The pronoun “qui, quae, and quod“ is called a relative. They introduce a descriptive clause.

10. Relative Clause A relative clause is introduced by a relative pronoun. It describes a noun. Cornelia {quae in Italia habitat} est Romana. The words in { } are modifying Cornelia. Cornelia is the antecedent. An antecedent is the noun that the relative pronoun is modifying.

11. Relative Clause The relative pronoun must agree with its antecedent in two ways. They are number and gender. It takes its case by its function in its own clause.

12. Relative Clause A relative clause is introduced by a relative pronoun. It describes a noun. Cornelia {quae in Italia habitat} est Romana. The words in { } are modifying Cornelia. Cornelia is the antecedent. An antecedent is the noun that the relative pronoun is modifying.

13. Meanings of the Relative Pronoun Nom. who, which, that Gen. whose, of whom, of which Dat. to whom (which), for whom (which) Acc. who, which, that Abl. Depends on its function Note…The relative pronoun is only translated simply as “who”, “which”, or “that” in the nom. and acc. case.

14. Interrogative Adjective Modifies a noun and introduces a question. It has the exact same format as the relative pronoun. Qui vir est ille? Which man is that?

15. Interrogative Pronouns Introduce questions Singular M/F N Quis Quid Cuius Cuius Cui Cui Quem Quid Quō Quō Plural form is the same form as the relative pronoun

16. Indefinite Pronouns • May be used both as pronouns and as adjectives • Translated as follows: A. Quidam, quaedam, quoddam = certain (sing.), some (plural) same as the relative plus “-dam” B. Aliquis(aliqui), aliqua,, aliquid(aliquod) = someone, something same as the relative plus “ali-” C. Quisquis, quidquid (quicquid) = whoever, whichever Only the nom. and abl. (quoquo) are typically used D. Quisque, quaeque, quidque (quodque) = everyone, everything same as the relative plus “-que”

17. Intensive Used to emphasize a person or thing already named. Ipse, ipsa, ipsum = himself, herself, itself, themselves, very Declined like “ille”

18. Possessive Adjectives Adjectives used with nouns to show possession and ownership. Remember The following pronouns are not used to show possession: • 1st person • 2nd person • Reflexive pronouns

19. Delcined like 1st and 2nd declension adjectives. Possessive Adjectives • Meus, -a, -um my, my own, mine • Tuus, -a, -um your, your own, yours (sing.) • Suus, -a, -um his own, her own, its own, their own • Noster, nostra, our, our own, ours nostrum • Vester, vestra, your, your own, yours vestrum

20. Substantive Adjective used as a noun. There is no noun named in the sentence that it is modifying.

21. Let’s take a look at your pronoun handout. You are expected to recognize all the pronouns that we have discussed. By that I don’t mean decline each one. You must memorize the nominative singular forms of each pronoun and possessive adjective. It may be hard to believe, but they all have some things in common. Let’s figure out what they are.

22. Sing. Pl.

23. Sing. Pl.