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test screen. Early sleep triggers memory for early visual discrimination skills Steffen Gais, Werner Plihal, Ullrich Wagner and Jan Born nature neuroscience • volume 3 no 12 • december 2000. “mask” screen. Early sleep triggers memory for early visual discrimination skills
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test screen Early sleep triggers memory for early visual discrimination skills Steffen Gais, Werner Plihal, Ullrich Wagner and Jan Born nature neuroscience • volume 3 no 12 • december 2000
“mask” screen Early sleep triggers memory for early visual discrimination skills Steffen Gais, Werner Plihal, Ullrich Wagner and Jan Born nature neuroscience • volume 3 no 12 • december 2000
results. study 1 More negative values are improvements over time sleep training tested 12 hours after training training sleep tested 12 hours after training late (REM) sleep interrupted early (SWS) sleep interrupted controls trained during the night Early sleep triggers memory for early visual discrimination skills Steffen Gais, Werner Plihal, Ullrich Wagner and Jan Born nature neuroscience • volume 3 no 12 • december 2000
testing procedures, study 1 “early sleep” “late sleep” “early wake” “late wake” Early sleep triggers memory for early visual discrimination skills Steffen Gais, Werner Plihal, Ullrich Wagner and Jan Born nature neuroscience • volume 3 no 12 • december 2000
testing procedures, study 2 Visual discrimination learning requires sleep after training Robert Stickgold, LaTanya James and J. Allan Hobson nature neuroscience • volume 3 no 12 • december 2000
results, study 2 Visual discrimination learning requires sleep after training Robert Stickgold, LaTanya James and J. Allan Hobson nature neuroscience • volume 3 no 12 • december 2000
cephalopods and intelligence Loligo forbesii JA Pechenik (2000) Biology of the Invertebrates
A, Adult cephalopod brains compared with Jerison's (1969) size classes for higher and lower vertebrate brains. upward pointing triangle Sepia; downward triangle Loligo; 1, Octopus vulgaris; 2. O. salutii; 3, O. defillipi; 4 and 5, oegopsid squids Illex and Todarodes. (Open symbols from data supplied by Mangold-Wirz.) B, Growth curves of the brain of the cuttlefish (triangle) (original), octopus (circle) (Packard & Albergoni, 1970) and various fish. (Herring, original; dogfish, Kellicolt, 1908; other fish Geiger, 1956) A. Packard (1972) Cephalopods and Fish - the limits of Convergence Biological Reviews, 47: 241-307
segmented nervous systems - annelids and arthropods JA Pechenik (2000) Biology of the Invertebrates Purves et al., Life: The Science of Biology, 4th Edition, (Sinauer Associates)
evolution of one half of the main animal tree the “chordates” fish, frogs, reptiles, birds, mammals Greg and Mary Beth Dimijian lancelets http://hollandlab.ucsd.edu/ intro.htm sea squirts http://www.mbl.edu/ acorn worms http://www.mbl.edu/ starfish. sea urchins... Cameron, C.B., B.J. Swalla and J.R. Garey. 2000. Evolution of the chordate body plan: New insights from phylogenetic analysis of deuterostome phyla. PNAS (USA) 97(9): 4469-4474. http://biodidac.bio. uottawa.ca/index.htm
the evolution of the chordates (some features that they all share) presence of a notochord (a stiff rod, also found in sea squirts and cephalochordates) neural crest cells (cells that migrate from the nervous system during development, they participate in the development of many cell types, such as neurons, glia, cells of the adrenal and thyroid glands, pigment cells, scales, teeth and many head skeletal tissues, such as the jaw) caudal (tail) fin internal skeleton (cartilagenous and/or bone) liver, kidneys, complex circulatory system
formed by "glial" cells - a neural-crest derivative Purdue Research Foundation http://biomedia.bio.purdue.edu/GenBioLM/ GBActPotl/html/neuron_structure.html
jawless fishes lamprey hagfish www.bahnhof.se/~wizard/cryptoworld/nejonoga.jpg oceanlink.island.net/oinfo/hagfish/hagfish.html
"skull" lamprey skull hagfish skull typical jawed fish notochord "skull" Philippe Janvier http://tolweb.org/tree?group=Craniata&contgroup=Chordata
from: Harry J. Jerison (1976), Paleoneurology and the Evolution of Mind, Scientific American
from: S.J. Gould (1977) Ontogeny and Phylogeny