FOCUS ON ALCOHOLS -OH functional group -nomenclature of alcohols -methanol -ethanol -isopropyl

1. ALCOHOLS, ETHERS and THIOLS FOCUS ON ALCOHOLS -OH functional group -nomenclature of alcohols -methanol -ethanol -isopropyl -menthol -ethylene glycol -glycerol -phenols -ethers

3. Nomenclature of Alcohols -longest chain has OH group -suffix "ol" used for OH group and must have lowest possible number -both IUPAC and Common names typical for alcohols, students must learn both for most common alcohol examples.

4. Alcohols • An alcohol has a hydrogen replaced by a hydroxyl (-OH) group. • The name of the hydrocarbon that was substituted determines the name of the alcohol. • The alcohol is named using the hydrocarbon name and adding the suffix –ol. • If methane is substituted with an OH group it becomes methanol • If a pentane group is substituted with an OH group it is pentanol. • For alcohols with more than two carbon atoms we need the number the chain so as to keep the alcohol group as low as possible.

5. Four different alcohols. The IUPAC name is given above each structural formula, and the common name is given below.

6. The OH group is polar and short chain alcohols are soluble in both nonpolar alkanes and water. • If an alcohol contains two OH groups it is a diol (sometimes called a glycol). • An alcohol with three OH groups is called a triol (sometimes called a glycerol).

7. Common examples of alcohols with one, two, and three hydroxyl groups per molecule. The IUPAC name is given above each structural formula, and the common name is given below.

8. Lab: Properties of Alcohol • Objective: To determine the density and boiling point of alcohol. • Results: Density: Data table-% error calc.(.789 gr/mL) • Boiling: Boiling temp-% error calc.(78.40C) • Discussion: • Paragraph 1: Explain basic info on alcohols/properties…see textbook for info. • Paragraph 2: Explain density/how-why technique/sources of error • Paragraph 3: Explain boiling point in detail/how-why of technique/sources of error.

9. METHANOL -- METHYL ALCOHOL -wood alcohol -very toxic (15 mls. blindness and 30 mls. death if ingested -oxidizes to formaldehyde and then to formic acid in the body (as to alcohols in general) -uses: paints, shellacs,varnishes -Treatment for methanol poisoning Formula: C-OH

10. Ethanol or Ethyl Alcohol -alcohol beverage -grain alcohol -alcoholism Formula: C-C-OH ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES -99% water and ethanol 1%congeners -flavor from congeners, such as juniper berries (gin) -before distillation, 13% highest since yeast cannot survive if higher. (1200 A.D.) -more tolerant yeast? WEBSITE -% x 2 = proof -yeast ferment sugar to alcohol + carbon Dioxide -denatured alcohol to prevent taxes

11. How Alcohol Enters the Body • Alcohol Effects:Men vs. Women • When you compare men and women of the same height, weight and build, men tend to have more muscle and less fat than women. Because muscle tissue has more water than fat tissue, a given dose or amount of alcohol will be diluted more in a man than in a woman. Therefore, the blood alcohol concentration resulting from that dose will be higher in a woman than in a man, and the woman will feel the effects of that dose of alcohol sooner than the man will.When a person drinks an alcoholic beverage, about 20 percent of the alcohol is absorbed in the stomach and about 80 percent is absorbed in the small intestine. How fast the alcohol is absorbed depends upon several things: • The concentration of alcohol in the beverage - The greater the concentration, the faster the absorption. • The type of drink - Carbonated beverages tend to speed up the absorption of alcohol. • Whether the stomach is full or empty - Food slows down alcohol absorption. • After absorption, the alcohol enters the bloodstream and dissolves in the water of the blood. The blood carries the alcohol throughout the body. The alcohol from the blood then enters and dissolves in the water inside each tissue of the body (except fat tissue, as alcohol cannot dissolve in fat). Once inside the tissues, alcohol exerts its effects on the body. The observed effects depend directly on the blood alcohol concentration (BAC), which is related to the amount of alcohol consumed. The BAC can rise significantly within 20 minutes after having a drink. • Related Content: • Explanations: • How Beer Works • How Winemaking Works • How Hangovers Work • Opinions: • What's your favorite cocktail? Share your drink recipes.Post your response now.

12. Alcohols oxidizes to Aldehydes

13. Alcoholism • -alcohol -- aldehyde--other products • -Specific aldehyde: acetaldehyde (ethanal) • makes one sick if build-up in body • -Disulfuram will keep acetaldehyde in body if alcohol taken in so person gets sick when they drink, so negative feeling hopefully discourages person to drink. • Most Recently: Focus on neurotransmitters and their role in addiction

14. Alcohol and the Brain-website • The centers are not equally affected by the same BAC - the higher-order centers are more sensitive than the lower-order centers. As the BAC increases, more and more centers of the brain are affected.The order in which alcohol affects the various brain centers is as follows: • Cerebral cortex • Limbic system • Cerebellum • Hypothalamus and pituitary gland • Medulla(brain stem)

15. Neurotransmitters are chemicals that are used to relay, amplify and modulate electrical signals between a neuron and another cell. An action potential stimulates the synaptic vesicles to send the neurotransmitters to the cell membrane. They are released and then bind to the receptors of the next cell in order to transfer the “message”

16. ! ! Alcoholism is the consumption of or preoccupation with alcoholic beverages to the extent that this behavior interfereswith the alcoholic's normal personal, family, social, or work life. An alcoholic can develop multiple forms of addiction to alcohol simultaneously such as psychological, metabolic, and neurochemical. Each type of addiction must be treated individually for an alcoholic to fully recover. ! !

17. The mechanism of alcoholism appears to be irregularities in the brain's neurotransmitters, the messenger substances that regulate behavior. Addiction occurs when there is an imbalance that affects neurons in the brain's "reward" areas. When the brain is unable to produce the required levels of chemicals naturally, an individual often learns to self-medicate with alcohol and other substances. The opioid (a neurotransmitter) levels determine of “normal” a person feels. Opioids are the neurotransmitters responsible for making people feel good and comfortable. Its also found in drugs such as opium as opiods are commonly used as pain relievers and anti-depressants.

18. Alcohol produces "tetrahydroisoquinolines" or TIQ's. TIQ's closely resemble opioids so they "trick" the brain into thinking this individuals opioid levels are normal. The alcoholic now feels good. The "uncomfortable" feeling is gone. The more alcohol this person consumes, the more the brain is tricked into thinking the opioid level is normal because of the presence of the TIQs. When TIQs are present, the brain signals the manufacturing cells to stop producing any more opioids (which were not enough to begin with). The more these Manufacturing Cells are inactive, they die, which means EVEN LESS opioids are produced. Now the alcoholic has to consume even more alcohol to get rid of the "uncomfortable" feeling. A vicious cycle.

19. Treatment In order to partially treat alcoholism, scientists believe restoring the natural levels of opioids and restoring the neurotransmitters killed by inactiveness will help cure the disease. However, the patient also must submit to abstinence from alcohol and improved nutritional intake. Therefore the patient can quickly begin to restore the levels of opioids and allow him to function more normally to improve their life and lifestyle alcohol free.

20. Does “Chaser” work?What is it?website

21. Isopropyl Alcohol (common name) - known as "rubbing alcohol" -cools skin by evaporation -”dry gas” additive for gasoline (although ethanol also used) Dry gas is basically alcohol, ethanol to be specific. The ethanol mixes with the water and keeps it from freezing when the temperature drops and makes it burnable. So yes, it does serve a very useful function. The engine doesn't matter. It could be a little three cylinder Geo Metro or the V-16 Cadillac. Condensation will still form in the gas tank and you will need the dry gas to keep it from freezing so it can be burned. The only place where dry gas would not help is in areas that require a 10% ethanol/gasoline blend which, in essence, puts in one gallon of dry gas in every ten gallons of gasoline. -used as an astringent (hardens skin and decreases pore size so limits secretions, making it easy to clean skin of cosmetics) -IUPAC name: 2-propanol (see diagram below)

22. Menthol -minty odor -shaving cream, cough drops,("mentholated"), cigarettes, toothpaste

23. Ethylene Glycol (common name) -viscous, toxic, sweet-tasting -antifreeze for automobile radiators because: -lowers freezing point and increases boiling point of water, inexpensive,soluble in water, noncorrosive to metals, -IUPAC name: 1,2 ethanediol -toxic effects website

24. Antifreeze Info. • Ethylene glycol is the ingredient that makes antifreeze tasty. Though colorless and odorless, the syrupy alcohol derivative—which is excellent at lowering the freezing points of vital engine fluids—has a sweet taste that jibes well with soda, juice, and other sugary beverages. As many concerned pet owners and parents are well aware, dogs, cats, and kids are prone to lap up puddles of antifreeze left on garage floors. Every year, 90,000 animals and 4,000 children ingest the toxic liquid; if not treated immediately, the consequences of the poisoning can include renal or cardiovascular failure, brain damage, and death.

26. Automobile’s Cooling System • Radiator • http://auto.howstuffworks.com/cooling-system.htm

27. Glycerol (common name) • -also known as glycerin • - IUPAC: 1,2,3 propanetriol • -sweet, nontoxic, lubricant • - used as moistening agent for cosmetics • used in nitroglycerin preparation • More glycerin uses website

29. Diatomaceous Earthwebsite • Activity: Create/View slide of Diatomaceous Earth

30. Phenols -contain OH directly attached to aromatic ring -initially used as antiseptics -since this is burning to healthy tissue, replacements have been found to be used in mouthwashes, etc. -Phenol has antiseptic properties, and was used by Sir Joseph Lister in his pioneering technique of antiseptic surgery, though the skin irritation caused by continual exposure to phenol eventually led to the substitution of aseptic (germ-free) techniques in surgery. It is one of the main components of the commercial antiseptic TCP (trichlorophenol). Phenol has anesthetic properties, and is the active ingredient in some oral anesthetics such as Chloraseptic spray

31. Ethers

32. Ether as General AnestheticEther history website

33. Diethyl Ether • Diethyl Ether, well-known general anesthetic, commonly called simply ether, an organic compound belonging to a large group of compounds called ethers. Ethyl ether is best known as an anesthetic. A highly volatile liquid, it is also used as a solvent, an extractant, and a reaction medium.

34. ThiolsNeutralizing the smell website • Skunk defensive secretion is composed of seven major volatile components. These can be divided into two major groups of compounds, thiols and acetate derivatives of these thiols. Two of the thiols are responsible for the strongly repellent odor of the secretion, (E )-2-butene-1-thiol and 3-methyl-1-butanethiol. The third thiol, 2-quinolinemethanethiol, is not as odoriferous due to its low volatility and the fact that large thiols do not trigger the human olfactory receptor. The chemical structure of these compounds and their percent (four individuals) in the defensive secretion are shown in the following illustration