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Secondary Production, Energy Flows, & Ecological Efficiency

Secondary Production, Energy Flows, & Ecological Efficiency. Cedar Bog Lake, MN; Raymond Lindeman 1943, Ecology 23:157-176. Energy flow in a Georgia salt marsh. John Teal 1962 Ecology 43:639-649. Ecological Efficiency For entire population need a bookkeeping approach, by size or age

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Secondary Production, Energy Flows, & Ecological Efficiency

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  1. Secondary Production, Energy Flows, & Ecological Efficiency

  2. Cedar Bog Lake, MN; Raymond Lindeman 1943, Ecology 23:157-176

  3. Energy flow in a Georgia salt marsh John Teal 1962Ecology 43:639-649

  4. Ecological Efficiency For entire population need a bookkeeping approach, by size or age Elephant example Net Primary Prod. 747 kcal/m2/yr 3125 kJ/m2/yr Food consumed 71.5 299 Fecal Energy lost 40.2 168 Maint. Metabolism 31.0 130 Growth 0.34 1.44 (0.47% of food consumed; 0.046% of NPP) Standing crop 7.1 kcal/m2 30 kJ/m2

  5. Detritus Prey Production Consumption Exploitation Efficiency Not eaten Ingested Energy

  6. Exploitation Efficiency - Plants • %total %visible • Solar Radiation 100 100 • Reflected 22 3.0 • Evapotranspiration 38.4 \ • Conduction, Convection 38.5 /94.8 • Photosynthesis 1.1 2.2

  7. Exploitation Efficiency - Herbivores Mature Tropical Rainforest 7% Temperate Deciduous Forest 1.5-5% Desert Scrub 5.5% Temperate Grassland 1-15% 7-yr South Carolina fields 12% Georgia salt marsh 8% Managed Rangeland 30-45% African Grassland - Ungulates 28-60% Open Ocean 60-99%

  8. Detritus Prey Production Consumption Exploitation Efficiency Not eaten Ingested Energy Egestion AssimilationEfficiency Digestion, assimilation Assimilated Energy

  9. Assimilation Efficiency Dramatic dependency on prey types. Carnivores 90% Insectivores 70-80% Granivores 80% Grazers & Browsers 30-40% Decaying wood. Millipeds 15%

  10. Detritus Prey Production Consumption Exploitation Efficiency Not eaten Ingested Energy Egestion AssimilationEfficiency Digestion, assimilation Assimilated Energy Excretion Growth,reproduction Net ProductionEfficiency Respiration Consumer Production Death

  11. Net Production Efficiency1. Efficiency of biosynthesis sets the upper limit Bobolink fat deposition -- 62-65% Iguana, Embryonic growth > 48% 2. Plants (NPP/GPP) Grass-Michigan, Duckweed 85 Oak-Pine, Open Ocean, Silver Spring 45 Humid tropics 30

  12. Respiration Rates Aquatic vs Terrestrial animals (mg O2/g/hr) AquaticTerrestrial Fish .005 - .349 Mammals 1.2 - 13.9 Insects .192 - .381 Insects .63 - 1.7 Worms .008 - .031 Birds 1.5 - 10.7 Mollusks .002 - .186

  13. Detritus Prey Production Consumption Exploitation Efficiency Not eaten Ingested Energy Egestion AssimilationEfficiency Digestion, assimilation Ecological Efficiency Assimilated Energy Excretion Growth,reproduction Net ProductionEfficiency Respiration Consumer Production Death

  14. Elton's Pyramids Typical values: production, biomass, numbers Production Biomass Numbers (mg/m2/day) (g/m2) (#/m2) .1 .1 15 1.2 .66 100 26.8 1.25 1.5x104 280.0 17.7 7.2x1010

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