Psychology 203 Human Development

1. Psychology 203 Human Development Physical and Cognitive Development in Adolescence (Chapter 11)

2. ADOLESCENCE: A DEVELOPMENTAL TRANSITION • Adolescence: Developmental transition between childhood and adulthood entailing major physical, cognitive, and psychosocial changes. • Puberty: Process by which a person attains sexual maturity and the ability to reproduce. • Pubescence: Term meaning puberty.

3. PUBERTY: THE END OF CHILDHOODPHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT • Secular trend • Trend that can be seen only by observing several generations, such as the trend toward earlier attainment of adult height and sexual maturity, which began a century ago. • Adolescent growth spurt • Sharp increase in height and weight that precedes sexual maturity

4. Height in centimeters 190 170 150 130 110 90 70 50 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 Age in years Boys Girls Adolescent growth spurt • Throughout childhood, boys and girls are similar in height. At puberty, girls surge ahead briefly, but then boys overtake them at about age 14.

5. Primary and Secondary Sex Characteristics • Primary sex characteristics • Organs directly related to reproduction, which enlarge and mature during adolescence. • Secondary sex characteristics • Physiological signs of sexual maturation (such as breast development and growth of body hair) that do not involve the sex organs. • Areolae • The pigmented areas surrounding the nipples, which enlarge during puberty.

6. Signs of Sexual MaturitySperm Production and Menstruation • Nocturnal emission • An involuntary ejaculation of semen (commonly referred to as a wet dream) that happens at night in males. • Spermarche • Boy's first ejaculation • Menstruation • The monthly shedding of tissue from the lining of the womb. • Menarche • Girl's first menstruation • Pheromones • Odorous chemicals that attract mates in animals and possibly in humans.

7. Signs of Sexual MaturitySperm Production and Menstruation

8. Signs of Sexual MaturityTime Table

9. PHYSICAL HEALTH • Physical Fitness • Most are and stay in good health • High School boys tend to get more exercise the girls • Sleep Needs • Circadian timing system: The natural sleep‑wake cycle of the brain, lasting 24 hours (School timing different then cycle) • Melatonin: A hormone secreted by the pineal gland which promotes sleep.

10. Nutrition and Eating Disorders • Obesity • Body Image and Eating Disorders • Descriptive and evaluative beliefs about one's appearance. • Anorexia Nervosa: Eating disorder characterized by self‑starvation. • Bulimia nervosa: Eating disorder in which a person regularly eats huge quantities of food and then purges the body by laxatives, induced vomiting, fasting, or excessive exercise. • Binge eating disorder: Frequent bingeing without subsequent fasting, exercise, or vomiting.

11. Use and Abuse of Drugs Risk Factors for Drug Abuse • Poor impulse control and sensation‑seeking • Family influences • Difficult temperament • Early and persistent behavior problems • Academic failure and lack of commitment to education • Peer rejection • Associating with drug users • Alienation and rebelliousness • Favorable attitudes toward drug use • Early initiation into drug use

12. Use and Abuse of Drugs

13. Death in Adolescence • Deaths from Vehicle Accidents and Firearms • Suicide

14. COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT • Formal operations: Piaget's final stage of cognitive development, characterized by the ability to think abstractly. • Hypothetical‑deductive reasoning: Ability, believed by Piaget to accompany the state of formal operations, to develop, consider, and test hypotheses • Metacognition:Awareness and monitoring of one's own mental processes and strategies. • Social perspective‑taking:The ability to understand another person's point of view and level of knowledge and to speak accordingly.

15. Immature Characteristics of Adolescent Thought(Elkind) • Six Characteristics of Immature Adolescent Thought: • Idealism and Criticalness – Adult systems are not perfect • Argumentativeness – Ability to reason • Indecisiveness – Ability to see different sides in decision • Apparent Hypocrisy – Realize adults are less than perfect • Self‑consciousness – Assume everyone is thinking and watching them • Specialness and Invulnerability – no concept of death Imaginary audience: an observer who exists only in an adolescent's mind and is as concerned with the adolescent's thoughts and actions as the adolescent is. Personal fable: the conviction that one is special, unique, and not subject to the rules that govern the rest of the world.

16. Morality of abstract principles: to affirm agreed-upon rights and personal ethical principles Postconventional level Conventional level Morality of law and social rules: to gain approval or avoid disapproval Preconventional level Morality of self-interest: to avoid punishment or gain concrete rewards Moral Reasoning: (Kohlberg's Theory) • As moral development progresses, the focus of concern moves from the self to the wider social world

17. Evaluating Kohlberg's Theory • Family Influences – Parents influence on moral issues • Validity for Women and Girls – May not apply to girls • Cross‑cultural Validity • Female genital mutilation: Female circumcision.

18. 100% 80 60 40 20 0 Percent with positive, warm interaction with parents 2 to 4 5 to 8 9 to 11 Ages of child in years Social Development • The changing parent-child relationship

19. Influences on School Achievement • Self‑Efficacy Beliefs and Academic Motivation • Self‑efficacy: Belief in one's own mastery of situations, such as mastery of academic material. • Use of Time • Socioeconomic Status and the Family Environment

20. Influences on School Achievement Parental Involvement and Parenting Styles • Authoritative parents • Those who are warm, involved, and encourage their adolescents to be independent while maintaining reasonable control and discipline. • Authoritarian parents • Those who are controlling without warmth, rigid, overly punitive, and discourage inquiry. • Permissive parents • Those who seem not to care about adolescent grades and make no rules, and who are relatively uninvolved with their adolescents.

21. Influences on School Achievement School Factors • Dropping Out of High School • Active engagement: Involvement in schooling and Vocational Preparation • Influences on Students' Aspiration • Guiding Students Not Bound for College • Should High School Students Work Part Time?