Aim: Is the title “New Frontier” an effective label for Kennedy’s work in foreign affairs?

1. Aim: Is the title “New Frontier”an effective label for Kennedy’s work in foreign affairs? Do Now:Why do you think my husband cannot buy a Cuban cigar when we travel to Florida?

2. “We stand at the edge of a New Frontier –the frontier of unfulfilled hopes and dreams. It will deal with unsolved problems of peace and war, unconquered pockets of ignorance and prejudice, unanswered questions of poverty and surplus.” - John F. Kennedy Acceptance Speech 1960 Democratic candidate for president What did Kennedy mean by the “New Frontier?”

3. Should Kennedy’s foreign affairs be labeled the “New Frontier?” Foreign Affairs in JFK’s administration • Bay of Pigs invasion April 1961 • Berlin Wall August 1961 • Cuban Missile Crisis October 1962 • Alliance for Progress 1961 • Peace Corps 1961 • Nuclear Test Ban Treaty 1963, 1967 Vocabulary: embargo, blockade, Fidel Castro, anti-Castro Cubans, nuclear warheads, exiles, Cold War, containment

4. Cuba: 90 miles from the U.S.

5. Background on U. S. / Cuban relations • 1959 Cuban revolutionary, Fidel Castro overthrew the dictatorship of Batista for control of the island nation. • Castro seized American-owned land • He established a Communist regime with close ties to the Soviet Union • Many Cuban people left the island to come to the U. S • The Cuban exiles wanted to overthrow Castro

6. Document 1Bay of Pigs Invasion In 1961 Kennedy used plans from Eisenhower’s administration to dispatch Cuban exiles living in Nicaragua to invade Cuba and start an anti-Castro uprising. Trained by the CIA, the 1,400 men who landed at the Bay of Pigs on April 17, 1961 were captured or killed. - America’s History, J. Henretta, D.Brody, L Dumenil and S. Ware 2004 • What did the Bay of Pigs invasion hope to accomplish? • Why was it a failure?

7. Bay of Pigs invasion 1961 Cuba • Document 2 • Describe the people in the photo • 2. Why are they in this condition?

8. Document 3 • Who is the person in the uniform and describe what he is doing? • 2. Who is he speaking to?

9. Does the Bay of Pigs Invasion represent a “New Frontier” in U. S. Foreign affairs? No! It was a step backward in U. S. foreign affairs during the Cold War because it was a world-wide embarrassment that pushed Cuba further toward the Soviet Union.

10. TASK:In small groups: You will examine documents on one of the foreign policy initiatives during Kennedy’s administration to determine if this was a “New Frontier”and report your findings to the class.

11. For each document identify: 1. The type of document (what) 2. Unique qualities of the document 3. Author and date of document (who & when) 4. For what audience was the document intended? (why) 5. Why was the document written? 6. Evidence that helps you to understand the meaning of the document

12. Kennedy’s New Frontierdocument summary

13. Document 1 Berlin Wall Construction of the Berlin Wall , August 1961 by the Soviets and East Berlin Allies 1. What was the purpose of the wall? 2. What materials are being used to construct the wall?

14. Document 2 Timeline: Berlin Wall • November 14, 1953 The Western Powers waive the Interzonenpass, the Soviet Union follows but East German citizen need a permission to travel to the West • December 11, 1957 Leaving East Germany without permission is forbidden and violations are prosecuted with prison up to three years • August 13, 1961 The Berlin sectorial border between East and West Berlin is closed, barriers are built • August 14, 1961 Brandenburg Gate is closed • August 26, 1961 All crossing points are closed for West Berlin citizens • June 26, 1963 President J. F. Kennedy visits Berlin and says: "Ich bin ein Berliner." ("I am a Berliner.") • Why was the wall built to separate the city of Berlin in 1961? • What was the meaning of Kennedy’s statement and visit to Berlin in 1963?

15. Document 1 Cuban Missile Crisis President Kennedy's Speech The White House, October 22, 1962 Good evening, my fellow citizens: This Government, as promised, has maintained the closest surveillance of the Soviet military buildup on the island of Cuba. Within the past week, unmistakable evidence has established the fact that a series of offensive missile sites is now in preparation on that imprisoned island. The purpose of these bases can be none other than to provide a nuclear strike capability against the Western Hemisphere… The characteristics of these new missile sites indicate two distinct types of installations. Several of them include medium range ballistic missiles, capable of carrying a nuclear warhead for a distance of more than 1000 nautical miles. Each of these missiles, in short, is capable of striking Washington, D.C., the Panama Canal, Cape Canaveral, Mexico City, or any other city in the southeastern part of the United States, in Central America, or in the Caribbean area… 1. Why does Kennedy call Cuba “that imprisoned island”? 2. Why are the Soviet missiles a problem for the US?

16. Document 2: Cuban Missile Crisis • Khrushchev to Kennedy • October 28, 1962 • Dear Mr. President: • Mr. President, I should like to repeat what I had already written to you in my earlier messages--that the Soviet Government has given economic assistance to the Republic of Cuba, as well as arms, because Cuba and the Cuban people were constantly under the continuous threat of an invasion of Cuba. • We are interested that there should be no war in the world, and that the Cuban people should live in peace. And besides, Mr. President, it is no secret that we have our people in Cuba. Under a treaty with the Cuban Government we have sent there officers, instructors, mostly plain people: specialists, agronomists, zotechnicians, irrigators, land reclamation specialists, plain workers, tractor drivers, and others. We are concerned about them • Respectfully yours, N. Khrushchev • How did Khrushchev explain why the Soviet Union • was justified in supporting Cuba with missiles?

17. Document 2 Cuban Missile Crisis: Timeline • October 14, 1962 • A U-2 flying over western Cuba discovers missile sites. Photographs obtained by this flight provide hard evidence that Soviets have missiles in Cuba. • October 21, 1962 • Kennedy is told by General Maxwell Taylor that an air strike could not guarantee to destroy all Soviet missiles in Cuba. • Kennedy decides on a quarantine of Cuba for the time being. • Kennedy requests that the press not deny him the "element of surprise" or he warns, "I don't know what the Soviets will do." • Another U-2 flight that day reveals bombers and Migs being rapidly assembled and cruise missile sites being built on Cuba's northern shore. • October 26, 1962 • Kennedy says that he believes the quarantine alone can not force the Soviet government to remove its offensive weapons from Cuba. • A CIA report from that morning states that there was no halt in progress in the development of the missile sites • October 27, 1962 • Khrushchev sends another letter to Kennedy proposing removing his missiles if Kennedy would publicly announce never to invade Cuba. • October 28, 1962 • Khrushchev announces over Radio Moscow that he has agreed to remove the missiles from Cuba. • How does the timeline prove this was an • international crisis?

18. Document 3:Cuban Missile Crisis reconnaissance (spy) photo • What does this photo of Cuba show? • Why is this disturbing?

19. 1.What is in the box? 2. Who are the men who are trying to close the box? 3. How does this represent the Cuban Missile Crisis? Document 4 Cuban Missile Crisis

20. Document 1 Alliance for Progress In March 1961, President Kennedy proposed a ten-year plan the Alliance for Progress for Latin America: “... we propose to complete the revolution of the Americas, to build a hemisphere where all men can hope for a suitable standard of living and all can live out their lives in dignity and in freedom. To achieve this goal political freedom must accompany material progress...Let us once again transform the American Continent into a vast crucible of revolutionary ideas and efforts, a tribute to the power of the creative energies of free men and women, an example to all the world that liberty and progress walk hand in hand. Let us once again awaken our American revolution until it guides the struggles of people everywhere-not with an imperialism of force or fear but the rule of courage and freedom and hope for the future of man • What are the goals of Kennedy’s economic aid program for Latin America? 2. What are the revolutionary goals he proposes?

21. 1. Why did the cartoonist choose a snail to represent the Alliance for Progress? 2. Why is the snail wearing a sombrero? Document 2 Alliance for Progress

22. Document 1 Peace Corps Susan Abbott’s Peace Corps Resume From 2000 through 2002, I served as a rural health Peace Corps Volunteer in Thiangaye, a village in northern Senegal (West Africa). The Peace Corps has three goals, expressed on its website as: • (1) Helping the people of interested countries in meeting their needs for trained men and women.(2) Helping promote a better understanding of Americans on the part of the peoples served.(3) Helping promote a better understanding of other peoples on the part of all Americans. • First GoalAs a rural health PCV, my main "job" was primary health education, i.e. teaching villagers about preventive health. In particular, I trained three villagers (relais) who then carried out activities to teach the rest of the village about health issues • Where did Susan Abbott work as a Peace Corps volunteer? • 2. What did she accomplish?

23. Document 2 Peace Corps • Which two Universities had the most students volunteer to work in the Peace Corps?

24. Document 3 Peace Corps The Peace Corps was designed to encourage mutual understanding between Americans and other cultures of the world. On October 14, 1960, Senator John F. Kennedy spoke to the students at the University of Michigan in Ann Arborduring a campaign speech and challenged them to live and work in developing countries around the world, thus dedicating themselves to the cause of peace and development. That idea inspired the beginning of the Peace Corps. The Peace Corps was designed to encourage mutual understanding between Americans and other cultures of the world. It was established by executive order in 1961 and was approved by Congress as a permanent, U.S. federal agency within the State Department later that year. • What did President Kennedy hope to accomplish with the creation of the Peace Corps?

25. Document 1 Nuclear Test Band Treaty On August 6, 1963, after more than eight years of difficult negotiations, the United States, the United Kingdom, and the Soviet Union signed the Limited Nuclear Test Ban Treaty. • The Treaty: • prohibits nuclear weapons tests or other nuclear explosions under • water, in the atmosphere, or in outer space • allows underground nuclear tests as long as no radioactive debris • falls outside the boundaries of the nation conducting the test • pledges signatories to work towards complete disarmament, an end • to the armaments race, and an end to the contamination of the • environment by radioactive substances. 1. List two accomplishments of the 1961 treaty

26. Document 2 Nuclear Test Ban Treaty Kennedy and Khrushchev Meet President Kennedy met with Soviet Premier Khrushchev in Vienna in June 1961, just five weeks after the humiliating defeat of the U.S. Bay of Pigs invasion of Cuba.  Khrushchev took a hard line at the summit.  He announced his intention of cutting off Western access to Berlin; and threatened war if the United States or its allies tried to stop him.  Many U.S. diplomats felt that Kennedy had not stood up to the Soviet Premier at the summit, therefore, giving Khrushchev the impression that he was a weak leader. 1. Why was President John Kennedy at a disadvantage at the summit meeting?

27. Document 3 Nuclear Test Ban Treaty • Why are nuclear weapons so • important for both the U.S. and • the Soviet Union?