Homer ’ s Odyssey

1. Homer’s Odyssey English 9 Mrs. Lewis Fall 2014

2. Homer’s Odyssey Schema Lecture Book I-V Recap Book V Book VI Encountering the Cyclops Book X Book XIII

3. Homer’s OdysseyUnit Questions • What are the common themes found in Homer’s Odyssey and other stories? • How do the interactions of Odysseus and various subordinate characters in Homer’s Odyssey affect the plot of Homer’s Odyssey? • How does Homer’s Odyssey relate to issues of its historical time period? • What is a thesis? How do I write a good one? • What is research? How do I answer questions I have?

4. Homer’s OdysseySchema Lecture Greco-Roman Culture, Myths and Religion

5. Homer’s OdysseyGreco-Roman CultureAn Introduction Greco-Roman (adj) referring or relating to ancient Greece or ancient Rome 1. The ancient world, also known as “the world of antiquity,” focuses on the following geographical area. What can we understand about ancient Greco-Roman cultures who saw the world as encompassing this area?

6. Homer’s OdysseyMyths and Religion in the Ancient Greek World 2. Define the following terms with a partner. Give both the Ancient Greek meaning and today’s meaning. • Mostly religious as they are concerned with the relationship between humans and the unknown/ spiritual realm. • Creation Myth • Special class of aristocrats, somewhere between gods and normal people. • Hercules • Stories that use fantasy to express ideas about life that cannot be easily expressed in realistic terms. • Santa Claus • People who risk their lives for others. • Firefighters

7. Homer’s OdysseyMyths and Religion in the Ancient Greek World 3. If you were an anthropologist (a type of scientist who studies human cultures), what might a society’s myths tell you about the society who created them and believes in them? Think broadly. 4. Recall: Describe the religious life (beliefs, rituals, etc.) of ancient Greek People. • What the culture valued and/or believed in • How people died/were buried • Polytheistic; gods have faults, are similar to humans • Sacrificed people and/or animals to please their gods • Storytelling was used to spread beliefs and explain why and how the world worked

8. Homer’s OdysseyMyths and Religion in the Ancient Greek World 5. What did ancient Greeks believe about the “afterlife”? How is their belief about the afterlife different from most modern people’s beliefs today? The Ancient Greeks believed that when a person died they went to the underworld. There was a good side and a bad side of the underworld. The underworld, ruled by Hades, was guarded by Cerberus, the three headed dog. The dead needed to cross the River Styx to get to the underworld and once there a panel of three judges decided where they would end up. Hero’s went to the Elysian Field and evil people went to Tartarus.

9. Homer’s OdysseySchema Lecture Virtues and Values of the Ancient Greek World

10. Homer’s OdysseyVirtues and Values of the Ancient Greek World 6. You have most likely heard the saying “Patience is a virtue.” What does the term “virtue” mean? 7. Three characteristics that ancient Greeks considered to be virtuous are: A. B. C. Moral excellence; conformity of one's life and conduct to moral and ethical principles. A good or admirable quality or property. Respect for the body, especially if someone dies (proper burial)-- the Ancient Greeks bathed and ate what they thought was healthy. Hospitality--one should take care of a stranger; the Ancient Greeks tried to please their guests and to make sure they were comfortable. Respect for the gods--the Ancient Greeks believed that one must know ones place in the hierarchy. They also built temples and statues to please the gods (some were even in the homes).

11. Homer’s OdysseyVirtues and Values of the Ancient Greek World 8. If a culture believes that a particular characteristic is virtuous or valuable, and they want to pass it down to the next generation, what do you think they might do to make sure that the next generation learns the virtue? Discuss and speculate. 9. What was the ancient Greek world like politically? Who was in charge: kings? men? women? warlords? various groups? • Might set virtuous examples and teach their children and future generations to try hard to do the right thing • People may learn virtues through books and educational systems • *The stories of the Ancient Greek gods show how the Ancient Greeks spread morality.* • Men had all the power; women had no political rights • Only men born in city-states were citizens • Rich landowners ran the city-states, were the only real ones with any say in how things were done. • A boy was not considered a man until 21 (Telemachus, Odyssey’s son is not a man yet).

12. Homer’s OdysseyVirtues and Values of the Ancient Greek World 10. How does the political (power) structure of the ancient Greek world show or reflect its values (think back to the myths you read)? • The hierarchy, of gods over man was mirrored and extremely prevalent in the Ancient Greek’s society (adult men were better known and more important than children). People needed to know their place (women remained in the home while men went out and made decisions for the community). • The idea of “democracy” is similar to the way that the 12 Olympians rule over the world (everyone should have a say so that the result is a balanced law and city-state).

13. Homer’s OdysseySchema Lecture A Writer Called Homer

14. Homer’s OdysseyA Writer Called Homer 11. Who was Homer? 12. When did he live? 13. Where did he live? 14. How did he live? (What was life like “back in the day”?) Homer was a blind minstrel and myth-maker who came from the Island of Chios. He wrote the Iliad and the Odyssey. He lived between 900 B.C.E. and 800 B.C.E. He lived in Greece, on the Island of Chios. There were no books, movies, electronics, etc. It was much more difficult to communicate and the most common types of entertainment were music and storytelling (sometimes in the form of what we would call “plays”). Homer was always concerned with the relationship between the humans and the gods. He was very religious and lived without “a lot of worldly goods.”

15. Homer’s OdysseyA Writer Called Homer 15. What are the conflicting stories about this writer? 16. Define “rhapsode.” Describe the life of a rhapsode in ancient Greece. 17. What kind of “rhapsodes” do we have today, and what’s their purpose? 18. Why do you think Homer is such an important literary figure? Later Greeks believed that he did not exist. They thought there were two Homers or that he was just a legend. Singer of tales. They were the historians and entertainers as well as the myth-makers of their time. Rap = Tell a Story Singers, actors/actresses, comedians, writers, maybe even grandparents. Their purpose is to entertain, to give information. His literature gave us information about how the Ancient Greeks viewed their gods and how they lived and he was influential to his community going city to city telling stories. If we did not have his literature about the Trojan War it would be like it never happened.

16. Homer’s OdysseySchema Lecture An Epic Called Homer’s Odyssey

17. Homer’s OdysseyAn Epic Called Homer’s Odyssey 19. What does the term “epic” mean? Define it. 20. What makes Homer’s Odyssey an “epic”? 21. Why is Homer’s Odyssey an important text to read? How has Homer’s text influenced later texts? Epics are long narrative poems that tell the adventures of heroes that embody the values of their particular civilization. It is a long poem and Odysseus is its hero who embodies the values of the ancient Greeks. Odysseus’ journey was interpreted by the ancient Greeks, not just an adventure, but as a spiritual experience for all to learn from. • It gives people a different type of script to read. • It also teaches us about history, such as the Trojan War, and the ancient Greeks’ culture. • The Iliad and Odyssey have influenced almost all modern literature (or other media) in some way or another. • Example: The Hobbit and Lord of the Rings Trilogy • The Simpsons Movie

18. Homer’s OdysseyAn Epic Called Homer’s Odyssey 22. What are some of the literary techniques Homer uses in his epic? Why might he use these? • The Odyssey is a “narrative” poem • Imagery and Symbolism • Themes; ex. Journey to Manhood • Homer makes heavy use of a story telling trick called the flashback, which is still widely used today. • The texts also use repetition which is generally limited to oral stories.

19. Homer’s OdysseyReading Vocabulary 2

20. BeginningHomer’s Odyssey Book I A Goddess Intervenes

21. Homer’s OdysseyBook I--A Goddess Intervenes The handout provided has the famous opening lines of Homer’s Epic poem Odyssey. Read the lines carefully and summarize what you understand on the right. Highlight/underline unknown vocabulary and try your best to understand it in context. • According to the passage, what kind of character is Odysseus? What are we supposed to think about him? How do you know?

22. Homer’s OdysseyThe Situation in Ithaca Imagine: You are a teenage boy in Ithaca, Ancient Greece. You will be the next ruler of your town. Your father, the former ruler is away, having never returned from a war. The men who remain in your town demand a king. They assume your father is dead. You certainly do not want your mother to betray your father’s memory and marry one of the rude men who is making unreasonable demands. You are too young to take control; besides, you are completely outnumbered. Time is tickig away; the men want answers. The men want action. How would you be feeling? What would you do?

23. Homer’s OdysseyBook I--A Goddess Intervenes Read lines 142-168 and answer the following questions: • What can you visualize in this section? • What’s a question you have about this section or something in it? • What Greek virtue(s) do you notice from this section? Read lines 299-344 and summarize what Athena is saying to the best of your ability.

24. Homer’s OdysseyBook II—Telemachus Sets Sail Read the lines on your handout carefully and summarize what you understand on the right. Highlight/underline unknown vocabulary and try your best to understand it in context. As Book II opens we are greeted with a beautiful example of personification. What is personification? What example(s) of personification do you see in this passage?

25. Homer’s OdysseyBook I-II Recap "Oh Goddess of Inspiration, help me sing of wily Odysseus, that master of schemes!" So Homer begins his epic, though the hero himself is still offstage. We are treated to a glimpse of life among the supreme gods on Mount Olympus. Urged on by Athena, the goddess of war, they decide that Odysseus has been marooned too long on the island of the nymph Calypso. Meanwhile, the mansion of Odysseus is infested with suitors for the hand of his wife Penelope. Everyone assumes Odysseus is dead. His son Telemachus calls an assembly to ask for help, and Zeus sends an omen of the suitors' doom. Two eagles swoop down, tearing throats and necks with their talons. Afterwards Telemachus sets sail for the mainland to seek news of his father.

26. Homer’s OdysseyBook I-II Recap Please take out a separate sheet of lined paper. Think about the 3 major ancient Greek values we talked about from the beginning. What examples of “respect for the body” do you recall? What examples of “hospitality” do you recall? What examples of “respect for the gods” do you recall?

27. Homer’s OdysseyBook I-VIII Recap Please take out a separate sheet of lined paper and a pen or pencil. What does Penelope do to postpone having to marry one of the suitors? Who keeps Odysseus hostage for 7 years? Where is Odysseus at the end of Book VIII? What does he start doing?

28. Homer’s OdysseyBook IX: New Coasts and Poseidon’s Son • Alcinous’ call to Odysseus to reveal his identity is Odysseus’ cue to begin telling of the adventures that will literally make his name. Homer’s greatest hero is, himself, a famous storyteller. Perhaps all successful heros must contain aspects of their creators. The adventures that follow are the ones for which the epic is most remembered. Imagine the excitement of the Phaeacians, having just heard Demodocus sing the story of the Trojan horse, when they discover the identity of their guests. Alcinous has just asked Odysseus to reveal his name. • Read pages 370-371, lines 1-40 to see how Odysseus explains his identity. • Question: • 1. What do you notice that is interesting about the way Odysseus introduces himself?

29. Homer’s OdysseyBook IX: New Coasts and Poseidon’s Son • Next, Odysseus tells of his voyage from Troy--how many of his men lost their lives during a foolish raid on the Cicones, how Zeus punished the survivors by raising the North Wind against their ships, how they were made to drift aimlessly from place to place, for nine days. Finally, they stopped at the land of the Lotus Eaters. (The people of Southern Europe used to make a drink from the fermented fruit of the lotus plant. The drink was supposed to produce feelings of laziness and dreaminess). Odysseus continues to speak… • Read page 372, lines 91-112 to find out about the Lotus Eaters. • Question: • 1. Why were the Lotus Eaters dangerous for Odysseus’ men? What might be a modern day “honeyed plant”?

30. Homer’s OdysseyBook IX: New Coasts and Poseidon’s Son Salvation from the next adventure requires the special intelligence associated with Odysseus’ name. Odysseus is the cleverest of the ancient Greek heroes because his divine guardian is the goddess of wisdom, Athena. As a result of his confrontation with the Cyclops named Polyphemus, the one-eyed monster son of the god, Poseidon, Odysseus incurs the wrath of the sea god. Polyphemus might be said to represent the brute force and a negative singleness of purpose that any hero must overcome before he can reach home. It is Odysseus’ famed curiosity that leads him to the Cyclops’ cave and that makes him insist on waiting for the barbaric giant.

31. Homer’s OdysseyBook IX: New Coasts and Poseidon’s Son

32. Homer’s OdysseyBook IX: Encountering the Cyclops: Intro Based on these images, how would you characterize (describe) the Cyclops? Do the images depict the Cyclops similarly or differently? Which do you predict is most accurate?

33. Homer’s OdysseyEncountering the Cyclops Jigsaw: Step 1 • If you are a 1… • Silently Read pages 375-377, lines 241-375 and answer the PART 1 questions on your handout. • If you are a 2… • Silently Read pages 378-381, lines 376-460 and answer the PART 2 questions on your handout. • If you are a 3… • Silently read pages 381-383, lines 461-630 and answer the PART 3 questions on your handout. • YOU HAVE 15 MINUTES, GO!

34. Homer’s OdysseyEncountering the Cyclops Jigsaw: Step 2 • 1. You will get into groups based on your number: • All 1s will get together on the right. • All 2s will get together in the middle. • All 3s will get together on the left. • In your groups you will discuss your answers to all of the questions. • You will summarize the action taking place in your section, predicting either what came before, after, or both, depending on your section (1s will predict after, 2s will predict both, and 3s will predict before). Be prepared to share with the class! • YOU HAVE 15 MINUTES, GO!

35. Homer’s OdysseyEncountering the Cyclops Jigsaw: Step 3 Each group will share their summary as well as the answers to their questions. You should be taking notes on your worksheet in the appropriate section while the groups present their part of Odysseus’ encounter with the Cyclops.

36. Homer’s OdysseyBook IX: Encountering the Cyclops: Wrap-Up Think back to the predictions we made of the Cyclops, based on these images, at the beginning of class today. How has the reading changed your mind about the Cyclops? How has the reading reinforced our original ideas about the Cyclops?

37. Homer’s OdysseyReading Vocabulary 4

38. Homer’s OdysseyBook X: The Grace of the Witch

39. Homer’s OdysseyBook X: The Grace of the Witch • Odysseus and his men land next on the island of Aeolia. There, the wind king, Aeolus, does Odysseus a favor. He puts all the stormy winds in a bag so that they will not harm the Ithacans. The bull’s-hide bag containing the winds is wedged under Odysseus’ afterdeck. During the voyage, the suspicious and curious sailors open the bag (thinking it contains treasure), and the evil winds roar up into hurricanes to plague the luckless Odysseus again. After more of this men are killed and eaten by the gigantic cannibals called the Laestrygonians, Odysseus’ ship lands on Aeaea, the home of the witch-goddess, Circe. Here, a party of twenty-two men, led by Eurylochus, goes off to explore the island. Odysseus speaks… • Read pages 388-390, lines 222-301 in which Odysseus tells of his adventures with Circe and how his men are turned into pigs! • Questions: • When we first see Circe (Kirke) what is she doing? Does this remind you of anything we have read so far in the Odyssey? Does this give us any clues about Circe? • What is the mistake of Odysseus and his men when they see Circe and what does Circe do to them?

40. Homer’s OdysseyBook X: The Grace of the Witch • Odysseus leaves the ship and rushes to Circe’s hall. The god, Hermes, stops him to give him a plant that will act as an antidote to Circe’s power. The plant is called “molu,” and it might have been a type of garlic. Odysseus uses the molu and the witch, overcome by the plant’s magic, frees Odysseus’ men. Now, Circe, “loveliest of all immortals,” persuades Odysseus to stay, share her meat and wine, and restore his heart. After many seasons of feasting and other pleasures, Odysseus and his men beg Circe to help them get home. • Read page 395, lines 533-553 where Circe tells Odysseus he must visit a blind prophet in Hades, Teirsias. • Questions: • Why must Odysseus visit Teirsias? • How does Odysseus feel about having to travel into the Underworld? • What do you think traveling to Hades would be like?

41. Homer’s OdysseyBook XI: The Gathering of Shades In Book XI, we see Odysseus’ journey to the Underworld to find out his destiny. The source of his information is Teiresias, the famous blind prophet from the city of Thebbes, whose lack of external sight suggest the presence of true insight (Hmmmmm… wasn’t Homer rumored to be blind…?) Circe has told Odysseus exactly what rites he must perform to bring Teiresias up from the dead… Why do you think this book is called “The Gathering of Shades”? Shades = Spirits of the dead, residing in Hades.

42. Odysseus’ Journey to HadesA Hero’s Quest Activity In the following activity you will take on the role of Odysseus, following his footsteps into the Underworld (and hopefully back out of the Underworld) to find Teiresias. You will reach obstacles along the way, and be forced to make several choices. If you choose correctly you will move on in your quest, and ultimately, make it back from the Underworld safely and successfully. Your Team’s Quest: You like Odysseus, are not alone among the heroes who must descend into the Land of the Dead. The Sumerian hero, Gilgamesh, the Greek heroes, Theseus and Hercules, and many other heroes have made similar journeys to the one you are about to make. Like your predecessors, you will see that the truly significant voyages in life involve journeys to the deepest parts of yourselves, and a confrontation with the darkest reality of all--death. Your team will face many obstacles on your quest, but do not lose confidence or faith in your abilities. Remember to work together, appreciating everyone’s idea as you will need each team member’s talents to make it out of Hades successfully. I wish you all luck as you begin your descent into the depths of the Underworld…

43. Odysseus’ Journey to HadesObstacle #1 When Odysseus decided to venture home once again from Circe’s island, Circe used her magical powers to determine that Odysseus must enter Hades and speak to the former prophet of Thebes, Teiresias. Following Circe's advice, Odysseus set sail westward toward the river Ocean and the shores of Persephone. You arrive successfully at this place described to Odysseus by Circe, but cannot remember what she said you must do once you arrive. All you have with you is an excerpt from the text that reads… With my drawn blade (Book XI, Lines 26-39) I spaded up the votive pit, and poured libations round it to the unnumbered dead: sweet milk and honey, then sweet wine, and last clear water; and I scattered barley down. Then I addressed the blurred and breathless dead, vowing to slaughter my best heifer for them before she calved, at home in Ithaka, and burn the choice bits on the altar fire; as for Teiresias, I swore to sacrifice a black lamb, handsomest of all our flock. Thus to assuage the nations of the dead I pledged these rites, then slashed the lamb and ewe, letting their black blood stream into the wellpit. Following in Odysseus’ footsteps you: Dig up a corpse, feed it, wash it, and bring it back to life to protect you in the Underworld (with the promise that you will geed it your best meat, as a form of hospitality, when it gets you home). Dig a hole and pour in several ingredients before you slaughter a few animals and let their blood drip into the hole (this sacrifice will show respect for and attract the dead who are blood thirsty!)

44. Homer’s OdysseyReading Vocabulary 5

45. Homer’s OdysseyBook XII: Sea Perils and Defeat • The afterlife envisioned by Homer was not a happy place of rest. This society, which so relished the joys, accomplishments, and passions of the physical life, found little pleasure in an eternal life among mere shadows. After his many encounters in the Land of the Dead, Odysseus returns to Circe’s island for further instructions. Once he has arrived, the witch, Circe, warns Odysseus of the perils that await him—the forces that would prevent him from achieving his destiny. • Read page 414 lines 31-60 to answer the following questions: • Questions: • 1. Who are the Sirens (Seirenes)? • Why are they dangerous (what will they do to Odysseus and his men)? • What can Odysseus and his men do to avoid the Sirens?

46. Homer’s OdysseyBook XII: Sea Perils and Defeat • The next dangers lie between two headlands with sheer cliffs. Circe continues... • You will now read pages 414-465, lines 61-136 and answer the following questions: • Questions: • 1. Who or what are the dangers which Circe speaks of? • 2. What kind of language does Homer have Circe use in this passage to describe the dangers? • Now, continue on page 416 and read Circe’s important warning in lines and lines 137-153. • Question: • What is important of these warnings? Why might Homer include this?

47. Homer’s OdysseyBook XII: Sea Perils and Defeat • Now Odysseus sets off through the obstacles… • Read pages 417-419, lines 180-299 to experience Odysseus’ encounters with the Sirens, Scylla, and Charybdis. • Questions: • How would you react if you had to take on Scylla and Charybdis? • Can you find any examples of metaphor or simile here? Personification? • Because they are dying of starvation Odysseus’ men disobey his orders and eat the sacred cattle of the sun god, Helios. When they set sail again, they are punished by death. Zeus destroys their boat with a thunderbolt, leaving only Odysseus alive, to drift alone towards Calypso’s island. After being trapped with Calypso for 7 years, Hermes comes and sets Odysseus free. Odysseus washes up on the shore of the Phaecians who show him great hospitality and are intrigued by the tale of his journeys.

48. Homer’s OdysseyWhere have we been so far?

49. Homer’s OdysseyBook XIII-XV: One More Strange Island,Hospitality in the Forest, and How They Came to Ithaca In Book 13, Odysseus, laden with gifts, is returned in secret to Ithaca in one of the magically swift Phaeacian ships. In Ithaca, Athena herself appears to the hero. She advises him how to proceed and disguises him as a beggar. Notice that this new hero of the postwar age of disillusionment will achieve success not only by physical power, but also by guile and wisdom. In Book 14, Odysseus, in his beggar disguise, find his way to the house of his old and trusty swineherd, Eumaeus. Eumaeus is the very image of faithfulness in a servant--a quality much prized by Homer’s society. The introduction of the so-called “servant class” as important actors is unusual in epic poetry, and it indicates homer’s originality. Odysseus is simply but politely entertained in the swineherd’s hut, but he remains disguised from Eumaeus. In Book 15, we go back to Telemachus, who is still with Menelaus and helen. The plots of the father and the son are now about to be brought together. Athena appears to the boy and advises him to return home. She warns him that the evil suitors plan to ambush him. Telemachus boards a ship for home, lands secretly on Ithaca, and heads toward the cottage of the swineherd. As father and son were moved closer and closer together, the suspense in the audience must have become great. Now Homer is ready for what could be the most dramatic moment in the epic.

50. Homer’s OdysseyBook XVI: Father and Son Not realizing that the stranger is his father, Telemachus agrees to protect him as best he can. But he tells the beggar that he cannot stay in the palace hall because he will be abused by the drunken suitors. The swineherd is sent to Penelope with news of her son’s return. Now it seems that even Athena cannot stand the suspense any longer. She turns to Odysseus, in beggar’s rags…