Putting Down Roots: Opportunity and Oppression in Colonial Society 1619‒1692

1. 3 Putting Down Roots: Opportunity and Oppression in Colonial Society 1619‒1692

2. Putting Down Roots: Opportunity and Oppression in Colonial Society, 1619‒1692 Social Stability: New England Colonies of the Seventeenth Century What factors explain the remarkable social stability achieved in early New England? The Challenge of the Chesapeake Environment What factors contributed to political unrest in the Chesapeake region during this period? 3.1 3.2

3. Putting Down Roots: Opportunity and Oppression in Colonial Society, 1619‒1692 Race and Freedom in British America How did African American slaves preserve an independent cultural identity in the New World? Blueprint for Empire Why did England discourage free and open trade in colonial America? 3.3 3.4

4. Putting Down Roots: Opportunity and Oppression in Colonial Society, 1619‒1692 Colonial Political Revolts How did colonial revolts affect the political culture of Virginia and New England? 3.5

5. Video Series:Key Topics in U.S. History • The Age of Discovery and Slavery • Race Slavery • The Evolution of Slavery in North America • Slavery in the Colonies Home

6. Families in an Atlantic Empire • Early families in America • Difficult lives • Family primary social unit • Regional differences developed • Supply of labor • Abundance of land • Unusual demographic patterns • Commercial ties • Later more unified Home

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8. Social Stability: New England Colonies of the Seventeenth Century • Immigrant Families and New Social Order • Puritan Women in New England • Establishing a New Social Order Home

9. Social Stability: New England Colonies of the Seventeenth Century • New Englanders replicated traditional English social order • Contrasted with experience in other English colonies • Explanation lies in development of Puritan families Social Stability: New England Colonies of the Seventeenth Century

10. Immigrant Families and New Social Order • Puritans - God ordained the family • Essential to maintenance of social order • Reproduced patriarchal English family structure in New England • Huge population growth • High life expectancy and high fertility • Greater longevity in New England resulted in “invention” of grandparents Social Stability: New England Colonies of the Seventeenth Century

11. Puritan Women in New England • Women’s roles • Farm labor, although not necessarily same tasks as men • Often outnumbered men 2:1 in church membership • Woman and politics and legal matters • Women could not control property • Divorce difficult to obtain • Sexes accommodated roles • God ordained Social Stability: New England Colonies of the Seventeenth Century

12. Social Stability: New England Colonies of the Seventeenth Century

13. Establishing a New Social Order • New social order in New England • Gentry created by education and wealth • Absence of very rich • Large population of independent yeomen • Small population of landless laborers, servants, poor • Only moderate disparities of wealth • Disagreements over social order • Sumptuary laws Social Stability: New England Colonies of the Seventeenth Century

14. Social Stability: New England Colonies of the Seventeenth Century

15. Discussion Question • What factors explain the remarkable social stability achieved in early New England? Social Stability: New England Colonies of the Seventeenth Century

16. The Challenge of the Chesapeake Environment • Families at Risk • The Structure of Planter Society Home

17. The Challenge of the Chesapeake Environment • Chesapeake settlements were very different from New England • Despite similarities in background and timing of settlement • High death rate most important source of distinctiveness of Chesapeake The Challenge of the Chesapeake Environment

18. Families at Risk • Normal family life impossible in Virginia • Mostly young male indentured servants • Low life expectancy • Unbalanced sex ratio • Extended families common The Challenge of the Chesapeake Environment

19. The Structure of Planter Society • Tobacco - basis of Chesapeake wealth • Chesapeake staple • Generated inequality • Wealthy planters dominated Chesapeake • Small portion of population • First gentry were English aristocrats • Freemen - largest class in Chesapeake • Former indentured servants • Lived on edge of poverty The Challenge of the Chesapeake Environment

20. The Structure of Planter Society(continued) • Indentured servants • Servitude a temporary status • Regarded their bondage as slavery • Most freed at the end of indenture • Post-1860s stability • Demographic shift • Advancement more difficult • Lacking in social institutions • Education The Challenge of the Chesapeake Environment

21. Discussion Question • What factors contributed to political unrest in the Chesapeake region during this period? The Challenge of the Chesapeake Environment

22. Race and Freedom in British America • Roots of Slavery • Constructing African American Identities Home

23. Race and Freedom in British America • Need for new laborers • Indians decimated by disease • European indentured servant pool waned after 1660 • Enslaved Africans filled demand for labor Race and Freedom in British America

24. Roots of Slavery • African slave trade – between sixteenth and nineteenth centuries • Almost 11 million blacks came to Americas • English colonists utilized slavery • First Africans came to Virginia in 1619 • Change in status • Rising black population after 1672 • Royal African Company • Prompted stricter slave laws Race and Freedom in British America

25. Race and Freedom in British America

26. In What Ways Was British North America Involved in the Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade? • Which colonies, later states, imported the most slaves? • How did the ratio of male to female slaves differ across the Thirteen Colonies? • What were the major economic activities for different regions of mainland British America and the early United States? Race and Freedom in British America

27. Race and Freedom in British America

28. Race and Freedom in British America

29. Constructing African American Identities • Areas with smaller percentage of population • New England and Middle Colonies • More frequent contact with whites • More difficult to preserve African identity • Demographic shift in early eighteenth century • Creole population larger than immigrant blacks Race and Freedom in British America

30. Constructing African American Identities (continued) • Rebellions • Individual and organized • Slave experience varied by colony • Size and density of slave population key Race and Freedom in British America

31. Constructing African American Identities (continued) • Large plantations • Example: South Carolina – 60 percent population black • Slaves developed new Creole languages • Enduring kinships mitigated hardships • Developed new music and folk art • Adapted Christianity Race and Freedom in British America

32. Race and Freedom in British America

33. Race and Freedom in British America

34. Race and Freedom in British America

35. Discussion Question • How did African American slaves preserve an independent cultural identity in the New World? Race and Freedom in British America

36. Blueprint for an Empire • Response to Economic Competition • Regulating Colonial Trade Home

37. Blueprint for an Empire • English leaders ignored colonies until 1650s • Crown did not supply financial or military assistance • Restored monarchy of Charles II recognized value of colonial trade • Believed colonists should be more controlled by mother country Blueprint for an Empire

38. Response to Economic Competition • Mercantilism • Followed by commercial powers of Europe • English trade regulations • More ad hoc responses to particular problems than coherent mercantilist policy • Varieties of motivation Blueprint for an Empire

39. Regulating Colonial Trade • Navigation Acts • Navigation Act of 1660 – enumerated goods • Staple Act – 1663 • Colonial reactions • Varied from region to region Blueprint for an Empire

40. Regulating Colonial Trade(continued) • Enforcement tightened • Admiralty Courts • Expanded customs service • Pressured colonial governors to enforce acts • Board of Trade • Navigation Acts eventually benefited colonial merchants • Smuggling dried up Blueprint for an Empire

41. Discussion Question • Why did England discourage free and open trade in colonial America? Blueprint for an Empire

42. Colonial Political Revolts • Civil War in Virginia: Bacon’s Rebellion • The Glorious Revolution in the Bay Colony • Contagion of Witchcraft Home

43. Colonial Political Revolts • English colonies experienced unrest at the end of the seventeenth century • Not social revolution, but a contest between gentry “ins” and “outs” • Winners gained legitimacy for their rule Colonial Political Revolts

44. Civil War in Virginia: Bacon’s Rebellion • After 1660 - economic depression • Navigation Acts reduced profits • Tobacco returns not good for long time • Indentured servants complained • Landless freemen disfranchised Colonial Political Revolts

45. Civil War in Virginia: Bacon’s Rebellion(continued) • 1676 - Nathaniel Bacon united discontent into Bacon’s Rebellion • Green Spring faction monopoly • Discontent by the frontier population • Diverse groups joined rebellion • Berkeley regained control • But was recalled to England • Rebellion collapsed after Bacon’s death • Gentry recovered positions Colonial Political Revolts

46. The Glorious Revolution in theBay Colony • Population divided by increased trade • Brought non-Puritan settlers • Navigation Acts inflicted direct royal presence • King Philip’s War • 1675 - Metacomet led Wampanoag-Narragansett alliance against colonists • Colonists struggled to unite, to defeat Indians • Deaths totaled 1,000+ Colonial Political Revolts

47. The Glorious Revolution in theBay Colony (continued) • Dominion of New England • King annulled Massachusetts charter • Dominion included much of New England • Sir Edmund Andros – royal governor • Ended in 1691 by William III • Glorious Revolution • Protestant Mary and William took throne from James II (a Catholic) • Accepted Bill of Rights • Colonists overthrew Andros Colonial Political Revolts

48. Contagion of Witchcraft • Charges of witchcraft common • Few executed, most ignored • Salem panic of 1691 much larger • Twenty victims dead before trials halted • Use of spectral evidence • Causes for witch scare largely unknown Colonial Political Revolts

49. Discussion Question • How did colonial revolts affect the political culture of Virginia and New England? Colonial Political Revolts

50. Colonial Political Revolts