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Radioactivity

Understand the fundamental principles of radioactivity and nuclear decay processes, including alpha decay, beta decay, and gamma decay. Learn about isotopes, types of nuclear radiation, sources of nuclear radiation, rates of nuclear decay, fission, and fusion reactions. Discover the differences between fission and fusion reactions and their significance in energy production.

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Radioactivity

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  1. Radioactivity Ch. 10

  2. I. Radioactivity A. is the process in which an unstable atomic nucleus emits charged particles and energy B. Any atom containing an unstable nucleus is called a radioactive isotope or radioisotope

  3. II. Nuclides and Isotopes Examples: 3919 K & 4019 K 146C & 126 C A. Superscript is the mass number B. Subscript is the atomic number

  4. C. Isotopes 1. have the same number of protons, different number of neutrons 2. Another way to show an isotope is to have the mass number follow the name of the element (Carbon-14 or C-14)

  5. III. Types of Nuclear Radiation A. Alpha B. Beta C. Gamma

  6. IV. Alpha Decay A. Alpha particle—a positively charged particle made up of two protons and two neutrons • 1. the least penetrating • 2. can be stopped by a sheet of paper

  7. IV. Alpha Decay continued . . . B. An alpha particle looks like a helium atom (42He) C. During alpha decay, mass reduces by 4 ,the atomic # reduces by 2 • Examples: 23892 U  20984 Po 

  8. V. Beta Decay A. A beta particle is an electron emitted by an unstable nucleus 1. can be stopped by a thin sheet of metal such as aluminum

  9. V. Beta Decay continued B. A beta particle is written 0-1 e C. During beta decay, mass remains the same & the atomic # increases by one • Examples: 21482 Pb  21884 Po 

  10. VI. Gamma decay A. A gamma ray is a penetrating ray of energy emitted by an unstable nucleus • Gamma rays are energy waves that travel through space at the speed of light

  11. VI. Gamma decay continued B. During gamma decay, atomic # and mass remain the same, but the energy of nucleus decreases C. Gamma rays can be stopped by: 1. several centimeters of lead 2. several meters of concrete

  12. VII. Sources ofNuclear Radiation A. Background radiation is nuclear radiation that occurs naturally in the environment 1. Radioisotopes in the air, water, rocks, plants, and animals all contribute to background radiation

  13. VII. Sources of Nuclear Radiation 2. Cosmic rays (streams of charged particles) from outer space that collide with the Earth’s atmosphere also contribute 3. Background radiation levels are low enough to be safe 4. When nuclear radiation exceeds background levels, cells in your body can mutate.

  14. Gamma Radiation looks like this…

  15. 5. Detecting Radiation • Devices used to detect radiation include Geiger counters and film badges

  16. VIII. RATES OF NUCLEAR DECAY A. A half-life is the time required for one half of a sample of a radioisotope to decay 1. Unlike chemical reactions, nuclear decay rates are constant regardless of temperature, pressure or surface area • How much of the original sample will remain after 5 half-lives?

  17. RATES OF NUCLEAR DECAY B. Transmutation is the conversion of atoms of one element to atoms of another C. Transuranium elements are elements with atomic numbers higher than 92 D. A quark is a subatomic particle theorized to be among the basic units of matter

  18. IX. FISSION 1. Fission is the splitting of an atomic nucleus into two smaller parts

  19. Fission 1. A chain reaction is a chain of fission reactions triggered by neutrons released during the fission of a nucleus

  20. Fission 2. A tremendous amount of energy is produced during a fission reaction 3. About 20% of the electricity in the US comes from fission reactions

  21. Fission Harris plant, near Raleigh 4. An advantage to using fission reactions is the lack of air pollution. 5. Disadvantages include the risk of exposure and radioactive waste. Lake Harris NIMBY

  22. Radioactive Waste Can Cause…

  23. X. Fusion A. Fusion is a process in which the nuclei of two atoms combine to form a larger nucleus 1. Fusion reactions can release huge amounts of energy 2. Fusion reactions occur in the sun and stars (plasma)

  24. Fusion 3. We do not use fusion reactions for energy b/c of the extremely high temperatures needed to start the reaction & because the plasma would need to be contained.

  25. Page 13: Beta Decay • Define Beta Decay (nuclear decay that releases electrons from an unstable nucleus) • Draw the symbol for beta decay • Draw what it can be stopped by. • Balance the following beta decay equations: • 23892U -21085At -22688Ra

  26. Page 14: Fission vs. Fusion • For both FISSION and FUSION, d • Define and draw a picture and write where each occurs

  27. PhysiFacts 3.4 2/28 • 12. Define isotope. • 13. What element does an alpha particle look like? • Use your solubility curve (IAN page 11) to answer the following questions: • 14. Which two substances have the same solubility at 30 degrees Celsius? • 15. If 30g of KCl is dissolved in 100g of water at 30 degrees Celsius, what type of solution is formed?

  28. IAN pg. 12: Alpha Decay • Write definition for alpha decay • Nuclear decay that releases alpha particles. • Draw the symbol for alpha decay (helium) and a way you can stop it. • Balance the following alpha decay equations: • 22688Ra  • 24195Am  • 21183At 

  29. Unit 1 Task Cards • You and a partner will receive one task card. • Write the number and answer the question in a complete sentence OR write the question • When finished with that card, swap with a group at your table, or at the next table over. Please do not wander around the room. • You have 30 minutes to complete a minimum of TEN – anything over 10 will be bonus points towards your test. Get as many done as you can!

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