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Ground Deformation: Faulting and Folding Earthquakes and Mountain- Building

Ground Deformation: Faulting and Folding Earthquakes and Mountain- Building. This is referred to as stress. Earthquake Terms. Movement of rock bodies past other rock bodies is known as an earthquake . The locus of earthquake movement is called a fault

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Ground Deformation: Faulting and Folding Earthquakes and Mountain- Building

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  1. Ground Deformation: Faulting and FoldingEarthquakes and Mountain- Building

  2. This is referred to as stress.

  3. Earthquake Terms • Movement of rock bodies past other rock bodies is known as an earthquake. • The locus of earthquake movement is called a fault • Faults come in all scales; millimeters to meters of separation of lithospheric plates. • Initial point of rupture or source is known as the focus • The point on the Earth’s surface directly above the focus is known as the epicenter.

  4. An Earthquake is a rapid vibration of the Earth’s surface created by a sudden movement of a part of a plate along a fault.

  5. Energy released radiates in all directions from its source, the focus

  6. Energy propagates in the form of seismic waves

  7. Three types of seismic waves http://physicsquest.homestead.com/quest15eq.html

  8. Types of seismic waves • Body waves • Travel through Earth’s interior • Two types based on mode of travel • Primary (P) waves • Push-pull motion (compressional) • Travel thru solids, liquids & gases • Secondary (S) waves • Moves at right angles to their direction of travel (shear or zig/zag) • Travels only through solids • Surface waves • Complex motion, great destruction • High amplitude and low velocity • Longest periods (interval between crests) • Termed long or L waves

  9. P and S waves Smaller amplitude than surface (L) waves, but faster, P arrives first

  10. L-wave

  11. Seismographs are sensitive instruments around the world that record the events (Earthquakes)

  12. Seismograph

  13. What is a Fault or Fault line?

  14. A Fault is a fracture in rock along which displacement has taken place- associated with a plate boundary.Faults can be active or inactive, and can be associated with either current or old plate boundaries.

  15. Types of Faults

  16. Normal

  17. Reverse

  18. Strike-slip

  19. Where do Earthquakes occur?

  20. What causes an Earthquake??

  21. So, how does energy released by slippage at a fault travel through the ground?

  22. Energy from an Earthquake travels in seismic waves.

  23. Detecting and Locating Earthquakes

  24. Seismograph: A device that records earthquake waves.Seismogram: The “picture” drawn by a seismograph.

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