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Mountain Building and Crustal Deformation

Mountain Building and Crustal Deformation . Economic Consequences of Geologic Structures. Tracing Coal Seams, Aquifers, etc. Ore Deposits are often localized along faults and folds Petroleum Traps. Isostasy . Thickness and Density. Isostatic Rebound in Canada .

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Mountain Building and Crustal Deformation

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  1. Mountain Building and Crustal Deformation

  2. Economic Consequences of Geologic Structures • Tracing Coal Seams, Aquifers, etc. • Ore Deposits are often localized along faults and folds • Petroleum Traps

  3. Isostasy

  4. Thickness and Density

  5. Isostatic Rebound in Canada

  6. Mountain Building (Orogeny) Orogeny is the variety of processes that occur during mountain-building, including: • Distinctive Patterns of Deposition • Deformation • Metamorphism • Intrusions • Volcanic Activity • Oceanic Trenches • Seismic Activity

  7. A Subduction Zone

  8. Metamorphism and Orogeny

  9. Why Mountains are High

  10. How Fast Can Folds Form?

  11. Hutton’s Unconformity, Scotland

  12. Large Fold, Turkey

  13. Eroded Fold, Pennsylvania

  14. Fold in Glacier, Antarctica

  15. Anticlines and Synclines

  16. Folds, Pennsylvania

  17. Which Way was Up? Sedimentary Structures are governed by: • Gravity • Exposure to the Surface They all have a “right way up”

  18. Foliation Foliation is a sheetlike structure that forms when rocks are deformed.

  19. Foliation In every case, the foliation is: • In the direction of least resistance • at right angles to the direction of greatest compression.

  20. Axial Plane

  21. Folds and Foliation

  22. Folds and Foliation • On a small scale (microscopic to centimeters), foliation forms • On a large scale (centimeters to kilometers), rocks fold. • Both foliation and the axial plane of the fold are at right angles to the direction of greatest compression.

  23. Fold And Foliation

  24. Growth of Minerals

  25. The Importance of Minor Folds

  26. Minor Folds and Foliation Are Clues to Much Larger Structures

  27. How Geologists Use These Clues • Here's an outcrop that might be seen in the field.

  28. How Geologists Use These Clues • We can mentally fill out the rest of the fold. • Note that we still have no idea how big the fold is, only what kind it is.

  29. Complex Folds, Scotland Complex Folds, Scotland

  30. Complex Folds, Scotland

  31. Faults, Appalachians

  32. Thrust Faults in Snow

  33. Domes and Basins

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