Unit I: Exploration, Colonization, and Revolution

1. Unit I: Exploration, Colonization, and Revolution 1492- 1783

2. Exploration

3. Spain was the first of the European powers to explore and colonize the Americas.

4. Spain’s success with its American colonies encouraged other European nations to establish colonies. French explorers led expeditions along the North Atlantic seaboard during the 1500s.

5. Neglected by the Spanish and French, the Atlantic coast remained open to English colonization during the 1580s. England’s first attempt (Roanoke Island) failed, but in 1607 they succeeded in founding Jamestown.

6. Stop and Think! • Why were the Native Americans so resistant to the Europeans?

7. Colonization The Southern Colonies

8. Jamestown and the British Southern Colonies • The Virginia Company sent 100 colonists to Virginia and they started a settlement on the James River. • The settlement was established in 1607, and was called Jamestown, in honor of their King, James I. • The settlement eventually became a royal colony controlled directly by the British Crown. • The colonists were led by John Smith a former soldier and adventurer.

9. Jamestown Overcomes Hardships - Unaccustomed to work - Location was poor. (near swamps, carried diseases) - Starvation - Poor leadership (http://www.cnn.com/2013/05/01/us/jamestown-cannibalism)

10. Activity • Take 10 minutes to read excerpts from the “Starving Time” an account written by John Smith of the experiences of the Jamestown colonists. • Take 5 minutes write down 3 examples and share with a partner the hardships that the Jamestown settlers encountered upon arriving to the New World.

11. The Southern Colonist The English Cavalier -Economic Status: • Wealthy landowning nobility -Ethnic Background: • English - Where they Settled: • Coastal lowlands in the east with the best land for large plantation farming.

12. The Southern Colonist The Frontier Settler - Economic Status: • Poor former indentured servants -Ethnic Background • Scotch-Irish, and poor English -Where they settled: • Small subsistence farms in the west near the Appalachians.

13. The Southern Colonies • Made up of Virginia, Maryland, North Carolina, South Carolina and Georgia • The Southern colonies were founded for purely economic reasons.

14. Early Forms of Government • The Royal Colonies of the South were governed by wealthy, land-owning aristocrats under the supervision of the King of England and Parliament. • The Virginia House of Burgesses was the first elected colonial legislature in the Americas, established in 1619. • The Virginia House of Burgesses still exists today as the Virginia Assembly, making it the oldest legislative system in the United States.

15. Economy of the South - Geographic Condition: • Low coastal plain in the east and foothills and mountains in the west. - Cash Crops: • Tobacco, Rice, and Indigo (NO COTTON YET!) - Labor Force: • Indentured servants and later slaves to work large plantations. - Class Division: • The wealthy owned plantations, the poor hunted and relied on subsistence farming and trade with the natives.

16. The Indentured Servant • How they arrived: Most indentured servants came over via the “headright system”. (a system in which anyone who paid their own way or another’s to the New World received 50 acres of land.) • Length of service: indentured servants had to labor for 4-7 years before being freed and gain ownership of their own land. • Ethnic Make-up: poor English, Scot-Irish and African.

17. African Slavery • How they Arrived: Slaves began arriving in 1619 from Africa via the “middle passage” (part of the triangular trade from Africa to the Americas). • Length of Service: slaves had a life term • Ethnic Make-Up: African

18. Social and Religious • Social Structure: Dominated by family status and land ownership. • Land Ownership: The wealthy owned plantations with slaves, the poor lived on the frontier. • Political Structure: The aristocracy (wealthy elites) controlled the government. • Religious Affiliation: Anglican (Church of England) Berkeley Plantation Charles City, Virginia

19. The New England Colonies (http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_embedded&v=PoXHXbgRJvc) 8:44

20. The New England Colonies • Made up of Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island and Connecticut. • English religious dissenters called Pilgrims left Holland and established the Plymouth Colony in 1620. • The Massachusetts Bay Colony was established in 1629 by English Puritans seeking religious freedom.

21. The Puritan Exodus • “All other Churches of Europe are brought to desolation, and our sins, for which the Lord begins already to frown upon us and to cut us short, do threaten evil times to be coming upon us, and who knows, but that God hath provided this place to be a refuge for many whom he means to save out of the general calamity, and seeing the Church hath no place left to fly into but the wilderness, what better work can there be, than to go and provide tabernacles and food for her when she be restored.” –John Winthrop(Governor of the Massachusetts Bay Colony and leader of the Puritan movement)

22. A City Upon a Hill • The Pilgrims were made to sign the Mayflower Compact, which granted them religious freedom in exchange for loyalty to the British Crown. • Like the Pilgrims, the Puritans left England to avoid religious persecution. • The Puritans formed a Covenant Community, or holy society in accordance to the Mayflower Compact. • According to John Winthrop, the Massachusetts Bay Colony would be a “City upon a Hill” or a model for Christianity around the world.

23. Puritan Society • Religious Principles – Intolerant of anyone who did not follow the Puritan belief system – Religion dominated all aspects of society, including the belief in predestination and the existence of the devil. • Government – Governed by religious officials called “the elect” who believed they were chosen by God to lead. No division between church and state. –The community was governed through direct democracy in a town meeting setting. • Society – Male dominated society (women could not own property) and rigidly divided by social class. – The community played an integral role in Puritan society and would become involved in marital and family disputes.

24. Puritan Dissenters • Roger Williams: - Complaint: believed that the Puritan church had no right to punish settlers for their religious beliefs. - Response: fled the church and founded Rhode Island • Anne Hutchinson: - Complaint: worshippers did not need church or ministers to interpret the bible. - Response: banished and later move to New Netherland (New York) for religious freedom. • Native Americans: - Complaint: Puritans took their land and enforced strict laws on the Natives - Response: King Phillips War, although the Indians lost, New Englanders lost a huge portion of their men of military age.

26. New England Economy • Geographic Conditions: –Rocky coastlines, rolling hills and mountains made it difficult for farming but excellent for ports and a commercial economy. • Types of farming: – Small scale corn, wheat, and livestock due to the poor soil and limited land. Fishing becomes a major staple. • Goods produced: – Ship building, and manufactured goods such as leather, rum, and other artisan craft. • Labor Force: –Although there were few slaves and indentured servants, most of the labor force were professional artisans, craftsmen, and farmers.

27. The Middle Colonies (http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Gu9dQlQIeFM&feature=player_embedded#!) 3:22

28. Made up of New York, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, and Delaware. • Henry Hudson (English) sailed for the Dutch up the Hudson River in New York. • New Netherlands (New York) established for economic reasons (fur trade) • New Amsterdam is the capital • Based on their proximity to natural ports, cities such as Baltimore, New York City and Philadelphia emerged as major centers for commerce and trade.

29. The Dutch take over New Jersey from the Swedes. - They can’t get enough settlers so they open it up to different types of people • Dutch, German, French Huguenots (Protestants), Jews, Scandinavians, Africans (both slave and free) • Duke of York (English) conquers the Dutch colony and renames it New York in 1664.

30. Stop and Think! How did New Netherlands become so diverse?

31. Pennsylvania • Quakers- Protestant group devoted to equality, cooperation, and religious tolerance • Services held without ministers, plain dress and pacifists • William Penn= founder and proprietor of PA- the “Holy Experiment” • Philadelphia- capital • All settlers promised 50 acres of land and the right to vote • Freedom of Religion

32. Middle Colonies Economy • Geography: The geography of the Middle Colonies had a mix of the New England and Southern features but had fertile soil and land that was suited to small scale farming. • Trade/Exports: It was the big food producing region that included corn, wheat and livestock (including beef and pork.) Other industries included the production of iron ore, lumber, textiles, furs and shipbuilding.

33. Activity • Choose one of the following colonies: Virginia(Southern), Massachusetts(New England) or Pennsylvania (Middle) and develop a travel brochure that contains the following information… 3 economic characteristics, 3 social characteristics, 3 geographic characteristics, 3 graphic depictions, 2 extra pieces of information, 1 cover sheet/colony slogan. Complete for HOMEWORK!

34. The Colonies Take Shape • In the mid-1700s, the American colonies experienced a population boom and a powerful revival. • More immigrants from England, Ireland, and Germany were spreading throughout the colonies, pushing further west the Appalachian Mountains and onto Indian and French territory.

35. Great Awakening • Also, in the early 1700s, many church leaders believed that the colonists had fallen away from the faith of their Puritan ancestors. • A series of revivals designed to renew religious enthusiasm and commitment were held; known as the Great Awakening. • This did more than revive people’s religious convictions, it energized them to speak for themselves and to rely less on the traditional authority of ministers. • It help lay one of the social foundations for the American Revolution.

36. Revolution History as a Car Trip! You are getting to ready to go on vacation to Virginia Beach. Come up with a list of things that will speed up or slow down your car trip. (10 each) What factors might make a car go slowly? What factors might make it go quickly? What might impact the quality of the trip?

37. We are getting ready to discuss the factors/events that slowed and quickened the coming of the Revolutionary War.

38. The Build-up to Revolution • Phase I:British Colonial Actions 1608-1754 • Phase II: The French and Indian War 1754-1763 • Phase III: British Colonial Actions 1763-1775

39. Phase I:British Colonial Actions1608-1754 • Britain like its rivals was influenced by mercantilism, or the goal of self-sufficiency and used their colonies to achieve this • When the colonies began to trade with Britain’s rivals, the Navigation Acts(1651) were passed limiting colonial trade to Britain only. • In the 1680’s Britain eased its governing policies and regulations on the colonies…Salutary Neglect … which allowed the colonial governments to have more self-ruling capabilities.

40. Phase II: The French and Indian War 1754-1763 • Cause: Colonial rivals Britain and France were in dispute over control over of the Ohio River Valley and overall domination of North America. • Participants: The British, the American Colonists and their Indian allies against the French and their Indian allies. • Outcome: After over 7 years of fighting, the British prevailed and took control of North America east of the Mississippi. The Treaty of Paris in 1763 officially ended the war.

42. Phase III: British Colonial Actions 1763-1775 • Effects of the French and Indian War… 1.New lands were open to settlement creating tension between colonists and Native Americans. 2.10,000 British troops were stationed in the Americas to maintain order which angered many colonists. 3.The British had a sizeable debt after the war and looked to the American Colonies to help relieve it through taxation.

43. Benjamin Franklin drew this image to encourage people in the colonies to unite. (published in 1754) • The cartoon was inspired by superstitions that a sliced snake would revive if the pieces of the body were joined before sunset

44. Proclamation of 1763 • The British announced the land won during the French and Indian War (west of Appalachian Mountains) would be reserved for Native Americans- banned settlement of colonists. • British Rationale (British Reasoning): to prevent future wars with Native Americans • Colonial Rationale (Colonial Reasoning): thought the British intended to maintain a tighter control over the colonists

45. Remember… • Great Britain wants the colonists to help pay for the debt of the French and Indian War. • They justify the laws/taxes by saying it was needed or to be used for protecting the colonies from Indian attacks. • The colonists, believing they should not be taxed without representation in Parliament, protested new British laws.

46. Activity • Pick a partner and complete the chart on British Acts and/or events leading up to the Revolutionary War.

47. The Rebellion Begins

48. First Continental Congress • Purpose: –Formed in 1774 as an assembly of delegates from 12 of the 13 colonies (Georgia did not send any delegates) –They convened in Philadelphia to discuss the rights of the colonies. • Actions: 1. Defended the colonies rights to run their own affairs 2. Supported the protests in Massachusetts over the unfair taxes and acts of the British 3. Supported the colonies right to defend themselves if attacked by the British.

49. Sons of Liberty • Purpose: –Founded in Boston 1765 as an underground group of radicals resisting British taxation in the colonies. –Its original founders included Sam Adams, John Hancock, Patrick Henry and John Adams. • Actions: 1. Harassment of tax-collectors and government agents 2. Organized riots, boycotts and protests 3. Were the perpetrators of the Boston Tea Party. http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_embedded&v=CwEX_YVyAS4) 1:48

50. First Shots at Lexington and Concord • In 1775, the British command ordered troops to seize a stockpile of weapons near Concord, MA, as well as arrest John Adams and John Hancock. • Paul Revere, rode to alert the two men and also to warn the Massachusetts militia men stationed in Lexington and Concord to be ready for the British advance. • American “minute-men” intercept British forces at both Lexington and Concord and fire the first shots of the Revolutionary War. http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_embedded&v=hiIFRCk1hxY) 12:06