MORPHOLOGICAL STRUCTURE OF ENGLISH WORDS

1. MORPHOLOGICAL STRUCTURE OF ENGLISH WORDS

2. WORD particular meaning particular sound form capable of a particular grammatical employment able to form a sentence autonomous MORPHEME particular meaning particular sound form not autonomous constituent part of a word not divisible into smaller meaningful units Morphemes and Words

3. MORPHEME is the smallest meaningful language unit

4. Non-segmentable (to) teach (to) bear drive Segmentable teacher, teaching unbearable driver Words are subdivided into two classes:

5. ALLOMORPHS • Variants of one and the same morpheme e.g. poor – poverty south – southern wide - width

6. ALLOMORPH • is a positional variant of a morpheme • occurring in a specific environment • characterized by complimentary distribution

7. Complementary distribution (allomorphs) Two linguisticvariants cannot appear in the same environment E.g. –ion/-sion/-tion/-ation im-/il-/ir-/in- (impossible/ illegal/irresistible/indirect long - lengh Contrastive distribution (morphemes) Two language units can appear in the same environment They signal different meanings E.g. –able (measurable) -ed (measured)

8. FREE morphemes Coincide with a word-form May stand alone without changing its meaning Can be only roots E.g. sport- in sportive BOUND morphemes Do not coincide with separate word-forms Occur only as a constituent part of words Are mostly derivational morphemes E.g. –ive in sportive; eleg- and -ant in elegant

10. A ROOT MORPHEME • is a lexical center of a word • has an individual lexical meaning common to a set of semantically related words (word-family) e.g. to write, writer, writing

11. A ROOT MORPHEME • does not possess a part-of-speech meaning e.g. cold water, to water flowers • is often homonymous to words e.g. find, bear, land, man • is an ultimate constituent at a morphological level of analysis

12. A STEM • is what remains of a word when a derivational or functional affix is removed from the word e.g. hearty, heart - hearts

13. A STEM • expresses lexical and part-of-speech meaning e.g. develop- (verbal stem) + -ment = development (noun stem)

14. A STEM • remains unchanged throughout a word’s paradigm e.g. hearty – heartier – (the) heartiest; to ask – asks – asked – asked- asking; singer – singer’s – singers – singers’

15. FUNCTIONAL AFFIXES • Convey grammatical meaning e.g. –s –the plural of nouns – boys -er –comparative degree of adjectives - smaller

16. FUNCTIONAL AFFIXES • build different forms of one and the same word (a word-form) e.g. boy- boys, boy’s – boys’; take – takes; hearty – heartier – (the) heartiest

17. DERIVATIONAL AFFIXES • build new words e.g. to teach - a teacher • have a part-of-speech meaning e.g. to change – changeable to organize – organization • are dependent on the root they modify (bound)

18. A SUFFIX • a derivational morpheme • follows the stemor root • forms a new derived word in a different part of speech or a different word class e.g. heart – hearty, heartless, hearten

19. A PREFIX • a derivational morpheme • stands before the root or stem • modifies the word meaning e.g. hearten – dishearten

20. AN INFIX • is placed within the word e.g. stand to-us-ward (toward us)

21. A SEMI-AFFIX • occupies an intermediate position between roots and affixes • is a root morpheme which functions as a derivational affix e.g. well-done, well-fed fireman, spaceman ill-dressed, ill-housed lady-like, business-like

22. CLASSIFICATION OF AFFIXES • Native & borrowed (e.g. sleepy – actor) • Productive & non-productive(e.g. disappoint – childhood) • Frequent & non-frequent (e.g. harmful) • Noun-forming, adjective-forming, etc. (e.g. mobster, awake, untie, etc.)

23. CLASSIFICATION OF AFFIXES • transpositive (change the lexico-grammatical meaning of the word) & non-transpositive (do not change the lexico-grammatical meaning) e.g. non- + stop (v.) = non-stop (adj.) employ (v.) + -ee = employee (n.)

24. CLASSIFICATION OF AFFIXES • polysemantic (possess several connected meanings) & monosemantic (possess only one meaning) e.g. un- 1) to reverse action: untie 2) to deprive of: unhive, unearth -less, without: colorless

25. ANALYSIS INTO IMMEDIATE CONSTITUENTS(анализ по непосредственным составляющим) Ungentlemanly • Un- + gentlemanly (unnatural, untimely) • Un- +gentleman- + -ly (womanly, masterly) • Un- + gentle- + -man- + -ly (noble) • Un- + -gent- + -le- + -man- + -ly

26. STRUCTURAL TYPES OF WORDS

27. MONOMORPHICWORDS • Simple words (root words) = one root morpheme + (functional affix) e.g. seldom, dog, asked, chairs

28. POLYMORPHIC WORDS • Affixed (derived) wordsorderivatives = one root morpheme + one or more derivational affixes + (functional affix) e.g. acceptable, outdo, dislikes, discouragement

29. POLYMORPHIC WORDS • Compound words = two or more root morphemes + (functional affix) e.g. baby-moons, eye-ball, stick-and-carrot(policy)

30. POLYMORPHIC WORDS • Compound-affixed words (derivational compounds or compound derivatives) = two or more root morphemes + one or more derivational affixes + (functional affix) e.g. job-hopper, pen-holder, light-mindedness