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The 1990’s

The 1990’s. By: Mark Griffith, Alexis Rodriguez, Mia Laserna, Hansa Naimpally , Nick Shenkler Block 2B. 1990. Chernobyl- meltdown of nuclear power plant close to capital of Ukraine, Kiev 350,000 people relocated Under Jurisdiction of Soviet Union

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The 1990’s

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  1. The 1990’s By: Mark Griffith, Alexis Rodriguez, Mia Laserna, Hansa Naimpally, Nick Shenkler Block 2B

  2. 1990

  3. Chernobyl- meltdown of nuclear power plant close to capital of Ukraine, Kiev 350,000 people relocated Under Jurisdiction of Soviet Union Soviets attempted to cover accident- failure Gorbachev realizes he can’t support Eastern Economies-b/c failing economy, pulls troops out and local leaders reform economies Fall of Berlin Wall Gorbachev- popular in East and West Germany Protesters in East Berlin persuaded East German Gov’t to open gates- Nov. 9, 1989 Germany 1990 reunified Fall of Soviet Union 1 AR

  4. Glasnost-rid of media censorship and permitted public government criticism Perestroika - restructure gov’t bureaucracy Soviet Leader Gorbachev puts glasnost and perestroika into place to fix failing Soviet system Effect - no longer repressed by government authority, nationalism rise of subject nations Soviet Union 1989 AR • Gorbachev wants to decentralize gov’t, give more power to local officials over farm and factory • Fired 40% of regional officials • 1989 - free election, first time since 1917 • 1989 - Soviet Union removes troops from Afghanistan • 1989 - Gorbachev goes to China to soften tensions between Soviet/China border

  5. Poland - Lech Walesa-starts strike and revolution 1990 - hold elections Walesa become President, Communists fall Hungary 1989 - opens borders with Australia, people go West Romania 1989 violent revolution brings gov’t down Soviet Dictator Nicolae Ceausescu executed, with his wife Czechoslovakia Velvet Revolution 1989- peaceful revolution in Czechoslovakia, took power from Communists (Soviets) Vaclave Havel becomes President Fall of Subject Countries AR

  6. Coup d’etat - Gorbachev seized Boris Yeltsin - leader of Russian Republic - quits Communist Party, led revolt from Communist Gorbachev returned to power but resigns as President No one replaces him Soviet Union-collapses START 1 - strategic arms reduction treaty- George Bush and Gorbachev, 1991, reduce number of nuclear weapons START 2 - 2 months later, Bush and Yeltsin- “no longer potential adversaries”, enemies Fall of Soviet Union 2 AR

  7. Saddam Hussein U.S. President just told me to get out; PfftI don’t think so! (Jan 15,1991) Okay that was longer than I expected…anyway its over. (August 20, 1988) Favorite Quote: “Sometimes you have to pick the gun up to put the Gun down.” ― Malcolm X Education: al-Karh Secondary School Work Information: President of Iraq Religious Views: Islam Relationship Status: Married to Wafa el-Mullah al-Howeish, Nidal al-Hamdani ,Samira Shahbandar, SajidaTalfah Invasion planned later…should be easy (September 22, 1980) Invasion planned later…should be easy (September 22, 1980) Samira Shahbandar Back in power baby! Just got appointed al Bakr’s deputy! (1968) Ba’athParty Saddam…where’d you go? (1959) Interests: Swimming Watching Movies Reading Books That did not go as planned…(October 7, 1959) The GodFather I am excited to help the Ba’ath Party’s goal to unite the Arab states in the Middle East (1957) Doritos Frank Sinatra We believe we have made a fine addition to our group. (1957)

  8. 1990-1991 Persian Gulf War H.N.

  9. Background • Kuwait increased oil production • Drop world prices- Iraq’s main recovery source • Iraq could not repay loans from Kuwaiti and Saudi regimes during Iran-Iraq war • Kuwait and Saudi Arabia Refused to forgive debts H.N.

  10. Iraq Invades • Iraq led by Saddam Hussein invades Kuwait August 2, 1990 • Large portion of Gulf oil supply put in anti-American control • Threatened flow of oil from Saudi Arabia (controlled fifth of world’s oil supplies) • Iraqi threats: - 4th largest armed force in world - Nuclear, Biological, Chemical - Scud Missiles H.N. H.N.

  11. UN Becomes Involved • Authorize trade embargo on Iraq • Operation Desert Shield: Quarter of a million UN troops sent (mostly Americans) to defend Saudi Arabia • Used military force to intimidate Hussein to withdraw • Forces soon grows to 550,000 troops H.N. H.N.

  12. Operation Desert Storm • Commanded by General H. Norman Schwarzkopf • UN deadline for Iraq to evacuate Kuwait- Jan 15, 1991 • Hussein refused- “Mother of all battles” ensued • 700,000 troops assembled • Phase I- Air Offensive-gained control of Iraqi air space and air superiority • Iraqi counter offensive- launching of SCUD missiles (failed) • Phase II- Ground Offensive • American, British, and French forces blitzkrieg deep into Iraq • Hussein’s forces defeated and surrounded, announced withdraw of troops from Kuwait Feb. 26 H.N.

  13. Ground Offensive H.N.

  14. Remaining Concerns • Gulf War Syndrome- illnesses including joint pain, fatigue, headaches, and memory loss suffered from by Gulf veterans • Decision to end the war without removing Saddam Hussein from power. ( thought he would be overthrown by dissident Iraqis or Iraq would fall apart along the lines of Lebanon.) • Prompts Iraq War of 2003 H.N.

  15. Impact on U.S. Foreign Policy • Gulf War Syndrome • Pres. Bush promoted the Uruguay Round General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) • North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) • Consulted European allies to stop Serbian aggression in Bosnia and Herzegovina • *Ordered U.S. troops to Somalia as part of Operation Restored Hope • Signed START II Treaty (Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty) H.N.

  16. Persian Gulf War • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l2TQ8a4LK3A

  17. Apartheid • Apartheid- legal system that segregated South African blacks from South African whites. • Prevented them from getting good jobs and living or working in primarily white areas • Prevented interracial relationships/marriages • Required South African blacks to carry identification papers • System enacted bythe National Party in 1948 M.L.

  18. Nelson Mandela • Married to: Graca (Machel) Mandela • Christian • Was president of the African National Congress and South Africa during the 1990s • Jailed for about 30 years because he was accused of treason • Awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1993 for his anti-Apartheid movements M.L.

  19. Apartheid • U.S. Reaction- • Comprehensive Anti-Apartheid Act: restricted South African imports and direct flights to and from South Africa and United States • In 1990- F. W. de Klerk became president of South Africa and he released Nelson Mandela from prison • He traveled around the country to gain support and money for the anti-Apartheid movement • After Klerk and Mandela worked out negotiations, the dominantly white-government was disassembled and Apartheid was put to an end M.L.

  20. 1991

  21. Break-Up of Yugoslavia http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ic5tBXESxl8 M.L.

  22. Break-Up of Yugoslavia- 1991 • Yugoslavia- populated by many different ethnic groups • Many different presidents after Tito • By the early 1990s, Yugoslavia began to fall apart • June/July 1991 • Croatia declares independence • Slovenia gains its independence after short war • September 1991- • United Nations Security council enforces arms embargo in Yugoslavia M.L.

  23. Break-Up of Yugoslavia- 1992Bosnia • Bosnian Catholics and Muslim Slavs wanted to break away from Yugoslavia, Serbs did not • January 1992- President Franjo Tudjman of Croatia wanted to take over areas of Bosnia that were primarily Croatian • March 1992- Bosnia-Herzegovina breaks away from Yugoslavia M.L.

  24. War in Bosnia: 1992-1993 • Serbian militia began a method of ethnic cleansing and sought to remove all non-Serbs • Muslim men, women, and children were murdered • Accounts of rape • Death and detention centers in Omarska, Trnopolje, and Manjaca M.L.

  25. War in Bosnia: 1994-1995 • April 1994: NATO launched air strikes against the Serbs • 1995: Mass killings in Sarajevo and other safe areas where Muslims were by Bosnian Serb forces • August 1995: NATO bombed Serb forces in Sarajevo M.L.

  26. End of the War in Bosnia- 1995 • Dayton Peace Accords • Ended the War in Bosnia • Wright-Patterson Air Base in Dayton, Ohio • Began November 1, 1995 • Formal agreement signed on December 14, 1995 • United States negotiating team leader: Richard Holbrooke, Serbian president Slobodan Miloševic, Croatian President FranjoTudjman, and Bosnian president Alija Izetbegovic. M.L.

  27. Aftermath- War in Bosnia • 140,000 Bosnians, 97,300 Serbs, 28,400 Croats killed (fofweb.com) • 1.37 million refugees (fofweb.com) M.L.

  28. Clarence Thomas • Republican Senate member • George H. W. Bush wanted him to be a Supreme Court Justice (1991) • Anita Faye Hill declared that he acted inappropriately toward her • Accepted into the Senate 52-48 • Sparked a “women’s revolution” • Introduced the idea of sexual harassment MG

  29. MG Facebook Page

  30. 1992

  31. Watch this video… • After watching, if you were the judge of this case what would be your ruling on these policemen? Charge or release? • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4OauOPTwbqk M.L.

  32. The Los Angeles Riots- Rodney King • African-American male • March 3, 1991- Led Los Angeles police on a high-speed car chase and was pulled over • He was beaten by several police when he resisted arrest • The beating was caught on tape by George Holliday M.L.

  33. The Los Angeles Riots- 1992 • April 29–May 4, 1992 • Also known as the Rodney King riots • Riots began because the four white police officers who were charged were ruled innocent and released • Residents of the southern central section of Los Angeles, mostly black, responded with violence • Affects: 55 people dead, 2,383 injured, 8,000 arrested, and $1 billion in property damages. M.L.

  34. The Los Angeles Riots M.L.

  35. NAFTA • North American Free Trade Agreement (1992) • Abolished all trade barriers between Mexico, Canada, and the United States • Added to the economies of all three nations, but helped Mexico the most MG

  36. 1993

  37. Oslo Accords H.N.

  38. The Oslo Accords Treaty • Declaration of Principles on Interim Self-Government Arrangements or Declaration of Principles (DOP) • Conducted in Oslo, Norway • Completed by August 20, 1993 H.N.

  39. Background • The first intifada in 1987 • President George H.W. Bush arranged Madrid Peace Conference in 1991 b/n Arab nations and Israel • Did not succeed • Yair Hirshfeld and Ron Pundak (Isreal) • (Shimon Peres later took charge) • Ahmad Sulayman Qurai (Abu Ala). (Palestinian Liberation Organization(PLO)) H.N.

  40. What did it say? • Self-governed Palestinian land • IDF taken out of the Gaza Strip and West Bank • Recognize the Palestinian Liberation Organization (PLO) as the Palestinian representative • Acknowledge Israel as independent state • Renounce terrorism and destruction of the Israeli state. • Agreement- • Committee for economic cooperation ->united Palestinians and Israelis in economic issues • Elections for a Palestinian council • Specific steps for “permanent” peace for five years Arabs Israelis H.N.

  41. Israeli soldiers were to be taken out of the Gaza Strip and the West Bank. H.N.

  42. The Signing • It as signed by Israeli Foreign Minister Shimon Peres and PLO official Abou Abbas • Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin and PLO Chairman Yasir Arafat shook hands "Today marks a shining moment of hope for the people of the Middle East; indeed, of the entire world“ -President Bill Clinton H.N.

  43. WHO? • Yassir Arafat(1929-2004) • Full name is Mohammed Yasser Abdel Rahman Abdel Raouf Arafat al-Qudwa al-Husseini • He was the chairman of the PLO • Founded the Fatah political party in 1959 • Received a Nobel-Peace Prize for his work with the Oslo Accords • Yitzchak Rabin(1922-1925) • He was Involved in the Knesset before being elected Prime Minister of Israel • He was later elected Prime Minister of the Israel Labor Party • In November 1995, an Israeli named Yigal Amir assassinated Prime Minister Rabin for his cooperation in the Accords • Won a Nobel-Peace prize along with Shimon Peres for his accomplishments with the Oslo Accords H.N.

  44. The Outcome • The Oslo Accords angered many people on both sides which lead to more violence • It was eventually violated and the negotiations for permanent peace were called off • It worsened the relations between the Israelis and Palestinians causing deaths, and escalated conflict H.N.

  45. Somalia H.N.

  46. Background • After WWII, Britain and Italy fought for control over area • British Somaliland and Italian Somaliland merged-> United Republic of Somalia • Somali president assassinated Major General Mohammed Siad Barre took power • Somalia increased alliance with Soviet Union-> 1974 friendship and cooperation treaty • Conflict along Somali-Ethiopian border • Ethiopian forces aided by Soviet forces • Friendship treaty repealed • Barre turns to U.S. for help against Ethiopian forces • Sparks rebellion in northwest-> 1991 former British Somaliland declares independence as Somaliland • Barre flees to Nigeria • Mohammad Ali Mahdi and Mohammad Farah Aidid each claim presidency • Sparks Civil War H.N.

  47. U.S. Actions • UN sponsored cease-fire and peace-keeping intervention failed • Defeated Pres. George H.W. Bush launches Operation Restore Hope 1993 • 27,000 U.S. soldiers sent to help UN forces • Objectives to distribute food and restore civil order • Failed-> food went to warlords • Aidid began to attack UN (mainly U.S. forces) • Primary U.S. Objective became to capture Aidid H.N.

  48. Blackhawk Down • Aka. Battle of Mogadishu • Task Force Ranger comprised of U.S. Army Rangers and Special Forces Detachment-Delta (Delta Force) • Plan- raid compound where Aidid was thought to be hiding • Rangers would create blocking positions on roads surrounding building • Delta Forces capture two warlords, Aidid escaped capture • Two Blackhawk helicopters shot down • Difficult to take out ground force by helicopter because of heavy ground fire • 17-hour gunfight in Mogadishu • 18 Americans dead 84 wounded • 500-1,000 Somalis dead, 1,000 wounded • Footage of U.S. Army Rangers dragged through street of Mogadishu H.N.

  49. Blackhawk Down Plan H.N.

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