FINDING DNA

1. FINDING DNA  The Race is on…

2. APRIL 25 The day commemorates the completion of the Human Genome Project (complete mapping of genes of humans) in April 2003, and the discovery of DNA's double helix.

3. Finding the A T C G order of an average human and what it codes for

4. Chromosome #9

5. Was the genetic material protein or DNA? • Chapt. 9 Mendel (peas) did not know about DNA. • Worksheet links • Bozeman Biology: DNA and RNA Part I Bozeman Biology: DNA and RNA Part II

6. The Race to Find DNA Youtubes • Finding the Structure of DNA (9:15) • The Secret of Photo 51(55 minutes) • Watch Friday, April 24 • The story of Rosalind Franklin (2:24) -

7. Get out CHART: DNA Race Scientists

8. Frederick Griffith • A medical officer was trying to find a vaccine against pneumococcus

9. Rough and Smooth Pneumococcus benign virulent Thick capsule No capsule

10. Griffith 1920’s • Streptococcus pneumoniae used to show a “transforming factor” • bacteria transformation youtube (23 seconds)

11. Griffith’s Conclusion • Some material* in the heat-killed S strain of pneumococcus that was responsible for “transforming” the R-strain into a lethal form • transformation= passing the inheritance factor* from one organism to another • *THIS TRANSFORMING FACTOR WAS LATER FOUND TO BE DNA

12. Nerd Cartoons

13. Oswald Avery 1944 He had reported that DNA, not protein (which was believed at the time), was the hereditary substance (transforming material). Studied medical research

14. Oswald Avery 1940’s

15. Avery’s Conclusion • EXPERIMENT: Separated the DNA, RNA, protein from S-strain pneumococcus • AVERY PROVED THAT DNA WAS THE TRANSFORMING MATERIAL

16. Alfred Hershey and Margaret Chase 1953 • Showed that the hereditary material in bacteriophage viruses is DNA. DNA in water

17. Hershey-Chase Bacteriophages Youtube (1:49) • McGraw-Hill Hershey-Chase Experiment Radioactive P32 in DNA Radioactive S35 in protein

18. Hershey-Chase • CONCLUSION – • DNA is genetic material because (32P)nucleic acid not (35S)protein guides viral replication

19. Bacteriophages (“bacteria-eaters”)-get handout

20. Virus Examples HIV Virus • Cold Virus Bird Flu Virus Ebola Virus

21. Herpes Virus

22. Bacteriophage Structure (Capsid) A D B E C

23. Virus: Are they Alive? • Viruses can only replicate in a living host. • "Viruses straddle the definition of life. Viruses contain some of the structures and exhibit some of the activities that are common to organic life, but they are missing many of the others.” • Dr. Mark Young of MSU youtube (4:00) • Are virusees alive? (2:57)

24. Bacteriophage Virus Lytic Infection • 1.Attach to host (E. coli) • 2. Insert DNA • 3. Make DNA parts • 4.assemble DNA parts • 5. Lyse (burst)-kills EXAMPLES: Cold Flu

25. Lysogenic Infection • 1. Virus lands on host. • 2. Virus injects DNA into host. • 3. Virus DNA attaches to host DNA = prophage. • 4. Virus Prophage will become lytic when conditions are favorable (you are sick, tired). • lysogenic infection youtube (1:25) • Mr. W's "I'm a virus“ (4:02)

26. PROPHAGE: viral gene inserted and integrated into the circular bacterial DNA chromosome …forever

27. Lysogenic:Will replicate with the host cell…forever.

28. Lysogenic Cycle Animation • Animation Quiz 2 - Lamda Phage Replication Cycle • EXAMPLES:HERPESHIV • CHICKEN POX

29. Identifying Bacteria: Shapes • Cocci- spherical • Bacilli – rod • Spirilla – spiral

30. Identifying bacteria: Groupings • Diplo: Two Staphylo: cluster Sarcina: 8 Tetrad: 4 Strepto:chain

31. Bacterial Shapes and Arrangements

32. Tests +/- endospore • Gram + and Gram – Sugar Test Aerobic/anaerobic test

33. Keep a checklist of results

34. Who am I?

35. Who am I?streptobacillus

36. What is the structure of DNA? • It is a nucleic acid (macromolecule) • Polynucleotide (polymer) = Made of long chains of Nucleotides(monomers)

37. Phosphate Group O O=P-O O 5 CH2 O N Nitrogenous base (A, G, C, or T) C1 C4 Sugar (deoxyribose) C3 C2 DNA Nucleotide“monomer of nucleic acid”

38. MONOMER: NUCLEOTIDE POLYMER: POLYNUCLEOTIDE DNA Structure Macromolecule: Nucleic Acid Ladder sides “rungs”

39. MADE OF: Sugar Phosphate Base Deoxyribose sugar PO4 4 kinds of bases: (A) (G) (T) (C) (names on next slide) A Nucleotide

40. 4 Types of Base Pairs • A = adenine • T = thymine • C = cytosine • G = guanine • NOW SING THE DNA SONG (next slide)

41. DNA Song (to the tune of “row, Row, Row Your Boat”) • We love DNA • Made of Nucleotides • Sugar, phosphate, and a base • Bonded down one side • Adenine with thymine make a lovely pair • Cytosine without guanine would feel very bare • Row Your Boat Karaoke

42. A or G T or C Nitrogenous Bases AG = silver • PURINES -2 rings 1. Adenine (A) 2. Guanine (G) • PYRIMIDINES -1 ring 3. Thymine (T) 4. Cytosine (C) CUT

43. DNA • Deoxyribonucleic Acid Purine = AG Pyrimidine = CUT

44. Covalent bonds between a phosphate and two sugar molecules (phosphodiester). • H-bonds between complimentary bases

45. “Rungs of ladder” Nitrogenous Base (A,T,G or C) “Legs of ladder” Phosphate & Sugar Backbone DNA Double Helix

46. DNA backbone • Sugar • Phosphate

47. DNA Structure • Rungs of the Ladder: • Various orders of A, T, C, G • Backbone: • Sugar and phosphates • Alternate

48. 5 O 3 3 O P P 5 5 C O G 1 3 2 4 4 2 1 3 5 O P P T A 3 5 O O 5 P P 3 DNA Double Helix G C

49. Ribonucleic Acid Three types: mRNA tRNA rRNA What’s RNA?

50. DNA Double stranded Sugar = deoxyribose Bases: A-T, C-G Found only in nucleus Can repair itself RNA Single stranded Sugar = ribose Bases: A-U, C-G U=uracil Found in and out of the nucleus Cannot repair itself Comparing DNA and RNA“two kinds of nucleic acids”