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The Imperial Century

Explore the rise of colonial powers from 1815 to 1914, including motives, forms of imperialism, and notable events like the Opium Wars and Berlin Conference. Delve into the imperial control methods of France, Britain, and Belgium, with insights on key colonies like India and French Indochina. Learn about the impact of colonization in regions such as Africa, Asia, and the Pacific, highlighting the struggles and legacies left behind.

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The Imperial Century

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  1. The Imperial Century 1815-1914

  2. New Imperialism • Late 19th Century – World War II • European Directed (+ US, Japan) • Motives: Nationalism, Industrialization, White Man’s Burden • Forms: Colonies, Protectorate, Spheres of Influence • Colonial Groups: Tropical Dependencies and Settlement Colonies • Areas Colonized: Asia & Southern Hemisphere plus Neo-Colonialism in Latin America • Roots of Contact: pre 1750: British in India & South Africa, French in Algeria & Indochina, Dutch in Indonesia • Regional Origins/Changes • Dark Continent: Stanley & Livingstone, Berlin Conference • China: Opium Wars • South Asia: Sepoy Mutiny

  3. Extent of Colonialism (by 1939) **** Great Britain France Belgium Netherlands Germany (1914) Area in Square Miles 94,000 212,600 11,800 13,200 210,000 Pop- ulation 45,500,100 42,000,000 8,300,000 8.500,000 67,500,000 Area of Colonies 13,100,000 4,300,000 940,000 790,000 1,100,000 Population of Colonies 470,000,000 65,000,000 13,000,000 66,000,000 13,000,000

  4. Percentage of Territories Belonging to the European/US Colonial Powers 1900

  5. South Africa 1500 - Portugal : Diaz & De Gama 1650 - Dutch: Dutch East India Company Boers settlers moved inland 1815 - British Annexed Great trek of Boers inland Zulu Wars Anglo-Boer Wars 1910 – Union of South Africa Legacy of Apartheid

  6. Cecil Rhodes Capetown to Cairo "I contend that we are the first race in the world and that the more of the world we inhabit the better it is for the human race."

  7. North Africa: Ottoman Territories • Egypt : khedive (Muhammed Ali) • 1882 Egyptian revolt • Incurred debts, combined French and British bombing of Alexandria • British presence in Cabinet- Protectorate status • Algeria: Pasha (Barbary Pirates) • French invasion 1830 • Continued involvement & settlement • Libya -Italian invasion 1911 (Italo-Turkish)

  8. Suez Canal • The Highway to India • 120 miles long • Built by the French –opened 1869 • Controlling shares held by French investors • Under ‘British protection’ 1882 • Nationalized by Nasser - 1956

  9. Fashoda Crisis, 1898 • British & French stand-off • Both wanted to extend control of territories in North Africa • French relinquished claims quietly and withdrew forces

  10. Burundi 1871

  11. Berlin Conference (1884) • Chancellor Otto von Bismarck “the honest broker” • 14 European powers established ground rules for the future exploitation of the "dark continent.“ • 80% was still under local African rule • Africans were not invited or made privy to their decisions.

  12. Forms of Imperial Control • The French practiced direct rule: the goal was to impose French culture and turn their colonies into French provinces Benevolent Colonialism - in Madagascar the French instruct the Natives in horticultural techniques

  13. Forms of Imperial Control • The British followed a system of indirect rule: using sultans, chiefs, or other local rulers to govern their colonies

  14. The Belgium Congo Free State • The Butcher of Congo: King Leopold II • Horrific levels of violence • Production quotas

  15. British Empire

  16. The Sun Never Sets on the British Empire

  17. British Jewel in the Imperial Crown : India • 1757: Battle of Plassey • British East India Company • 1857: Sepoy Mutiny • 1858: British Raj • 1876: Queen Victoria Empress of India • colonial ruleuntil 1947

  18. French Indochina • Origins late 17th century • Trade, missionaries • 1840s annexed parts of Vietnam • 1883 Vietnam becomes French Protectorate • Sino-French War • French victory paved the way for French control of remainder of Vietnam, Cambodia and Laos

  19. Orange – Britain Purple – France Red – German Green – Japan Blue – Russian

  20. East Asia: China • Opium Wars (Anglo-Chinese Wars) • 1839-1842 • 1856-1860 • Treaty of Nanjing (unequal treaties) • Eliminated Canton Laws which restricted contact and trade • Spheres of Influence • Imperial China's decline • Taiping Rebellion • Boxer Rebellion

  21. Dutch Indonesia • 1609 VOC establish Batavia and begin to dominate the Spice trade • Involve themselves in local disputes and demand territory from winners • Building on administrative center at Batavia (Jakarta) they annex the entire archipelago • Dutch State rule in 1816 after the bankruptcy of the VOC • Profits in rubber, oil, tin, tobacco, sugar, coffee, and tea • High levels of violence and cruelty • Java War 1825-1830 • Cultivation System • 1/5 of land to the production of cash crops • Indentured servitude • Liberal and Ethical period follow after 1870 but doesn’t dissuade growth of a nationalist movement

  22. The Pacific • Maoris of New Zealand • Alcoholism, disease, warfare • Introduction of Christianity and European farming • Maori resilience • Hawaii • Increasing Western influence from 18th century onward • Voyages of Captain Cook • Unified leadership under Kamehameha • Adoption of Western practices and opening to more Western merchants; Christianity • Settler pattern developed; sugar plantations; Asian labor

  23. Impact – Long term On Europe… On the world…

  24. European Hegemony • 1800: Western powers held 35% of the earth’s surface • 1878: 67% of the earth’s surface • 1914: 85% of the earth’s surface • Britain gained 66 million new subjects between 1880-1900 • France, 26 million new subjects • Germany, 13 million new subjects • Economic Impact?

  25. Colonial Influence on Europeans • Adopted to varying degrees the dress, eating and work habits, and styles of Asian peoples they ruled. • Failure of Little Holland in Java • Looser-fitting cotton-clothing • Asian cuisine • Indian hookahs • Afternoon lunch break (and siesta) • Asian women (brothels and marriage) • Such relationships became less common in the last of the 19th century as social distance between colonizers and colonized occurred.

  26. Reforms • India • 1770 Bengal famine • British East India Company made more accountable to British Parliament • 1790s Lord Cornwallis reforms; helped with corruption but limited Indian participation • Evangelical calls for reform • Utilitarian support for reform • Pushed for British institutions such as English-language education • Tried to stop practice of sati • Dutch sponsored education reform in Indonesia • Only missionaries involved in education in Africa • Limited middle class/college graduates

  27. Changing Relationships • By the late 19th century more wives and families arrived • Increasing notions of “white racial supremacy”

  28. Social Imperialism • Diffuse working-class discontent • Outlet for the unemployed • Improved standard of living at expense of colonial population • Highlighted race-conscious thinking Nationalistic rivalries • Diplomatic crises • Arms race • Thayer Mahan, Influence of Naval Power • WWI…

  29. Colonial Revolts • The Indian Revolt of 1857 • The Boxer Rebellion • The Ghost Dance • The Xhosa Cattle-Killing Movement • The Maji Maji Rebellion (War) • The Mau Mau Rebellion • Please research your assigned revolt and be prepared to discuss • Background • Goals • Leadership • Events • Degree of Success • Overall Effects

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