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Structure of the Cell

Structure of the Cell. Greg Dolgushin Harvard SIG 2013. History of Cell Theory. CITOLOGY ( cito - and –logos- ) – the science about the cell Hooke , Leeuwenhoek, Schleiden, Schwann, Virchow All living things or organisms are made of cells and their products

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Structure of the Cell

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  1. Structure of the Cell Greg Dolgushin Harvard SIG 2013

  2. History of Cell Theory CITOLOGY(cito- and –logos-) – the science about the cell Hooke, Leeuwenhoek, Schleiden, Schwann, Virchow All living things or organisms are made of cells and their products New cells are created by old cells dividing into two Cells are the basic building units of life

  3. Basic principles of modern cell theory • All known living things are made up of one or more cells • All living cells arise from pre-existing cells by division • The cell is the fundamental unit of structure and function in all living organisms • The activity of an organism depends on the total activity of independent cells • Energy flow (metabolism and biochemistry) occurs within cells • Cells contain hereditary information (DNA) which is passed from cell to cell during cell division • All cells are basically the same in chemical composition in organisms of similar species

  4. Cells sizes and forms

  5. Cells number • Human: • 100 trillions • Human gut: • 300-1000 types of bacteria • ~1015of bacteria: ten-fold more than human cells

  6. Cell types

  7. Eucariot and Procariot Cells

  8. Animal Cell

  9. Plant Cell ER Cytoplasm Nucleus • Mitochondrions Vacuoles Membrane Cell wall from cellulose Ribosomes Chloroplast

  10. No membrane Membrane One membrane Two membrane Ribosomes • Mitochondrions Endoplasmic reticulum Cell center • Golgi apparatus • Lysosomes Cytoplasm and Organelles (Organoids) Cytoplasm – semiliquid cell’s medium, which consists of water and proteins. It moves with the speed up to7 cм/hour Organoids - constant cell structures, that provide the functions of the cell • Plastids Microtubules • Nucleus • Flagellums • and cilia • Vacuoles

  11. Cell Membrane Cell membrane is ultramicroscopic film from two monomolecular layers of lipids and a layer of protein between them Functions of membrane: • Barrier • Transport • Protection • Metabolism with cell environment • Cell-to-cell “dialog”

  12. Nucleus Functions of nucleus: • Storage of genetical information • Regulation of cell metabolism

  13. Endoplasmic reticulum Functions of ER: • Synthesis of proteins, lipids and carbohydrates • Storage of proteins, lipids and carbohydrates • Connection between organoids • Lipids and carbohydrates synthesis • Cell membrane synthesis • Transport of different substances to the cell • Protein synthesis • Cell membrane synthesis • Transport of different substances out of the cell • Lysosoms, spherosomes synthesis

  14. Ribosomes Non-membrane fungiform structure of big and small units, which consists of RNA and proteins Functions of ribosomes: • Protein synthesis

  15. Mitochondrions Number in one cell - from units to several thousands All mitochondrions=chondriome Diameter=0.5 – 1.0 micrones Length=1 -7-10 micrones • Functions of mitochondrions: • respiratory center of the cell • adenosine triphosphate (ATP) synthesis (due to oxidative phosphorylation) → energy support of the cell Modern technologiesMitochondrial genes transfer

  16. Golgi apparatus • Functions of GA: • Storage and transport of substances, their chemical modernization • Secretory function • Lysosomes synthesis • Lipids and carbohydrates synthesis Camillo Golgi (1897) Structure: protein subunits Functions of microtubules: • Cytoskeleton formation • Centrioles, flagellums and cilia formation • Contribute to intracellular movement • Microtubulles

  17. Lysosoms • Functions of lysosomes: • Protection • Heterophagy: treatment of foreign substances, that come to the cell due pinocytosis or phagocytosis • Intracellular digestion • Endogenic nutrition : in condition of starvation they digest some cytoplasmic structures

  18. Vacuoles • The cavities in cytoplasm • Reservoir with cell cellular fluid, nutrients, and metabolites • Cellular fluid – liquid with diluted sugars and mineral salts • With vacuoles growth the cell is growing (increases in sizes) • Functions of vacuoles: • Regulation of cell’s pressure • Storage of nutrients and metabolits

  19. Plastids They are energetic stations of the plant cell. They can transform to other kinds of plastids. Functions: • photosynthesis • biosynthesis

  20. Chemical structure of the cell 3 groups of elements: • Oxygen, Carbon, Hydrogen and Nitrogen - 98% of all structure • Potassium, Sodium, Calcium, Sulfur, Chlorine – tenth and hundredth % parts • Microelements- hundredth and thousandth % parts

  21. Conclusions • All alive organisms consist of cells • Cell is one of structural functional and replicative elements of alive medium • Cells of all unicellular and multicellular organisms are similar in their structure, chemical compound, basic signs of vital activity and metabolism

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