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Commas. Introductory Element. After removing his coat, my father would whistle for our two border collies. Interrupter. It is snowing. The sun, however , is shining. Independent Clauses. Kate is currently performing in a play , so she must budget her time wisely. Non-essential clauses.
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Introductory Element • After removing his coat, my father would whistle for our two border collies.
Interrupter • It is snowing. The sun, however, is shining.
Independent Clauses • Kate is currently performing in a play, so she must budget her time wisely.
Non-essential clauses • These are also known as parenthetical expressions. • Mrs. Heise, who was always my favorite, baked delicious birthday cakes. • These add something to the sentence, but they are not essential the meaning.
Appositive • Our boat, a leaky old tub, was no match for the shiny new runabout.
Direct Address • Help me with the groceries, David, and I’ll get dinner started.
Coordinate Adjectives • The abandoned children became starved, violent savages.
Dependent Clauses • If a sentence begins with a dependent clause, you must put a comma at the end of that clause. • You should not use a comma if a sentence ends with a dependent clause.
Be careful … • Most people have trouble with commas because they use them too frequently. • Keep your sentences simples -- eliminating the need for commas!