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Harnischfeger Case

Harnischfeger Case. Group Members: Mark Breen Greg Callow Marv Franz Mary Mumcuoglu Tracey Weiler. Agenda. Case Facts Strategy Analysis Accounting Analysis Group Task Future Prospects for Harnischfeger Questions. Case Facts. Machinery Equipment

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Harnischfeger Case

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  1. Harnischfeger Case Group Members: Mark Breen Greg Callow Marv Franz Mary Mumcuoglu Tracey Weiler

  2. Agenda • Case Facts • Strategy Analysis • Accounting Analysis • Group Task • Future Prospects for Harnischfeger • Questions

  3. Case Facts • Machinery Equipment • 2 Segments-Heavy Equipment & Industrial Technologies Group (ITG) • Expected growth in material handling & engineering services • Financed rapid growth in 70’s through debt – leads to problems when market shrinks in 80’s

  4. Case Facts • Company ends up in violation of debt covenants • Recovery plan • Change in management • Cost Reductions • Reorientation of Company’s business • Debt restructuring and recapitalization

  5. Strategy AnalysisIndustry Analysis: Macro • Improving general business conditions Drop in price of oil • Supply side economics – conservative fiscal policies • Coming out of recession • High interest rates

  6. Strategy AnalysisIndustry Analysis: Macro

  7. Strategy AnalysisIndustry Analysis: Macro

  8. Strategy AnalysisIndustry Analysis: Porter’s 5 Forces • Rivalry Among Existing Firms: High • Low growth for cranes & mining equip. • Higher growth for ITG • Concentration - Few firms • Switching cost - High • High fixed to variable costs - less for ITG • High exit costs – less for ITG • Conclusion: Rivalry is High - less for ITG

  9. Strategy AnalysisIndustry Analysis: Porter’s 5 Forces • Threat of New Entrants: Low • High cost of establishing economies of scale • High capital investment required • Access to distribution channels is difficult • Threat of new entrants is higher for ITG • Treat of Substitute Products: Low • Similar price and Performance • Consumers willingness to switch products -Low

  10. Strategy AnalysisIndustry Analysis: Porter’s 5 Forces • Bargaining Power of Buyers: Low • Switching costs – High • Alternative products – Few • Importance of quality – High • Importance of cost – High • Bargaining Power of Suppliers: Low • Switching cost – Low • Alternative products – Many • Quality and Cost considerations -High

  11. Strategy AnalysisIndustry Analysis: Porter’s 5 Forces • Overall: The market for cranes and mining machinery is less attractive than the market for ITG products & services • The income statement of Harnischfeger will likely show losses or low profitability for the near future • Therefore, Harnischfeger needs to be a low cost producer to survive

  12. Strategy Analysis:Competitive Strategy Analysis Differentiation: • Strategic shift from manufacturing cranes • Still manufacturing mining equipment • Low cost- Economies of Scale, Efficiency Concerns, Cost Control, Little differentiation

  13. Strategy Analysis:Competitive Strategy Analysis • New Strategy – Focus on the high tech part of business • Creation of ITG • Differentiation – High R&D required, Innovation, skilled staff, customization requires flexibility and customer service

  14. Strategy Analysis:Context for Accounting Analysis Short term factors for success • Maintaining financing/liquidity -Look for accounting to improve revenue, cash flow, expense reduction, reported earnings • Ex. Policy changes: revenue recognition, inventory, depreciation Estimates: allowances for reserves, pension forecast, depreciation

  15. Strategy Analysis:Context for Accounting Analysis Long Term factors for success • Industrial Technologies Group: - Growing high tech materials handling and systems business -Manufacturing firms continued emphasis on cost reduction programs • Secure R&D funding, innovation, strategic alliances, skilled staff, etc.

  16. Accounting AnalysisExplanation of transaction 1. • Depreciation is a method that reduces the value of capital assets over time • Switch from accelerated to straight line retroactively Revenues Less: Depreciation Expense = Net Income

  17. Accounting Analysis1. Change in depreciation method

  18. Accounting AnalysisExplanation of transaction 2. Depreciation Expense (Straight Line) = Capital Cost / Economic Life • If the Economic Life is increased then depreciation expense is lowered resulting in higher net income

  19. Accounting Analysis2. Increase in estimated lives of assets

  20. Accounting AnalysisExplanation of transaction 3. Components of Pension Expense: Current Service Cost +Interest on Accrued Pension Liability -Expected Earning on Assets +Amortization of start up costs +Amortization of prior service cost from amendments +/- Amortization of actuarial gain/loss • Higher expected earnings produce a lower pension expense resulting in higher net income • Expected earnings tied in to general market conditions

  21. Accounting Analysis3. Increase in rates of return on pension assets

  22. Accounting AnalysisExplanation of transaction 4. • LIFO (Last In First Out) is a method of valuing inventory where the latest costs of raw materials are used in determining cost of goods sold (it is assumed that the last unit added to inventory is the first sold) • Since inventory is liquidated at lower cost than current cost, COGS is lower and Net Income is higher

  23. Accounting Analysis4. LIFO inventory liquidated

  24. Accounting AnalysisExplanation of transaction 5. • Bad debt reserve is an estimate of accounts receivable that will not be collected. • In 1983, this reserve was estimated at 10% of accounts receivable. In 1984, an estimate of 6.7% was applied resulting in higher accounts receivable and thus higher net income

  25. Accounting Analysis5. Decrease in bad debt reserves

  26. Accounting Analysis6. Change in fiscal year Explanation of change: • Change of fiscal year from July 31 to September 30. • Increase in sales by $5.4 Million • Said to provide more timely consolidation with the Corporation

  27. Accounting Analysis6. Change in Fiscal Year

  28. Accounting Analysis7. Drop in R & D Spending Explanation of change: • Decrease in R & D expense by $7 million • Kobe to reimburse $5.66 million • Shortfall of $1.3 million • No explicit note about shortfall

  29. Accounting Analysis7. Drop in R & D Spending

  30. Accounting Analysis8. Transactions with Kobe Explanation of change: • Included in net sales were products purchased from Kobe and sold to 3rd parties (vs. gross margin) • Said to reflect the nature of the transactions with Kobe

  31. Accounting Analysis8. Transactions with Kobe

  32. Accounting Analysis9. Re-structuring of long-term debt Explanation of change: • Subordinated debentures replace term obligations • Debt payable in German marks retired • The new restructuring said to acquire long-term capital with minimum cash flow requirements to service it

  33. Accounting Analysis9. Long term debt restructuring

  34. Accounting Analysis:Comparative Statements

  35. Group Activity • 3 Groups: Managers, Creditors, Investors • Instructions: Examine how your role would interpret the previously detailed accounting changes, and discuss: • What are the company’s rationale/motivations behind the changes? • How useful is the information provided by the company about the changes? • Discuss if or how the adjustments would affect any business decision you would make on the company?

  36. Group Activity - Summary • Roles influence what information you need for decision making • All the accounting changes increase net income • Management incentives may be a reason why management made the changes • However, one of the cost cutting measures was to eliminate management bonuses • Financial distress may be another reason why the company made accounting changes, for example, renegotiated loan covenants, etc.

  37. Group Activity - Summary • Big picture shows that there are many possible reasons for the changes • Many assumptions are necessary to assess the motivations of management, as you never have the full inside information • With limited information you have to consider a wide range of possibilities • Need to be flexible, since there are many explanations for accounting changes

  38. Group Activity - Summary • Important to recognize that there are a wide range of reasons for accounting changes • Changes in estimates are more difficult to understand than accounting changes and often require additional information

  39. Additional Considerations • Should there be an impairment of assets related to their construction equipment business? • Since the company is stopping the manufacturing of cranes - should there potentially be an increased write-down of assets related to that line of business? There might not be much of a resale market • Presentation of Unconsolidated Companies (especially finance company) • The relationship with their financing company - Since the company does not consolidate their finance company they could potentially factor receivables and bury any potential bad debt allowance on that line item. It could possibly distort earnings from operations?

  40. Additional Considerations • Given the recovery emerging in the economy, are pension estimates more or less accurate? • Research and Development expenditures: Is the company obligated to pay the full 17 million to get any cash back from Kobe? The notes to the agreement presented in the case are a little vague

  41. Future Prospects • The accounting changes increase net income and Harnischfeger hopes that this will encourage investors to boost the stock price • Investors may also believe that the changes are part of the entire forward looking business strategy, and thus stock prices may increase • An increased stock price may help raise capital in the future • However, if investors have been making adjustments all along to compare Harnischfeger to other firms in the industry, there may be no change in stock price

  42. Future Prospects • Investors may see that the changes have no cash flow implications, or be as a result of management incentives • Company went through difficult negotiations with their lenders to make the possibility of bankruptcy more unlikely in the future • The company may want to promote itself in a good light with their suppliers, customers, and employees

  43. Future Prospects • The company may want to match external vs. internal reporting standards. • Internal operations seem to be based on industry accounting choices, but external reporting was extremely conservative • This may make internal operations more efficient • Same accounting methods as the industry may be necessary since investors may want more information • The drop in R&D – Improves short-term finance but could possibly impair future prospects for company

  44. Questions?

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