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Chapter 7 Notes

Skeletal System: Tissue and physiology Skeletal tissue is the most distinctive form of connective tissue. Chapter 7 Notes. Functions of Skeletal Tissue. Support Ex. Arch of foot, vertebral column, etc. Protection Ex. Skull protects the brain, rib cage protects lungs and heart.

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Chapter 7 Notes

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  1. Skeletal System: Tissue and physiology Skeletal tissue is the most distinctive form of connective tissue. Chapter 7 Notes

  2. Functions of Skeletal Tissue Support Ex. Arch of foot, vertebral column, etc. Protection Ex. Skull protects the brain, rib cage protects lungs and heart. Movement Occurs with the help of joints - act as levers Muscle contraction pulls on bones = movement

  3. Functions of Skeletal Tissue Mineral reservoir Calcium Homeostasis of blood calcium levels Hemopoiesis - blood cell formation Occurs in red bone marrow chest spinal column in adults base of skull upper arm and thigh In infants or child, all bone marrow is red. ADULTS

  4. Bone Shapes Long bone- consists of 6 parts. Ex. femur, humerus Short bone- ex. Carpals = fingers and toes Flat Bone– scapula = back (shoulder blade) Irregular bone- vertebrae

  5. Structure of Long Bone Diaphysis Main shaft Strong support Hollow = decrease in weight

  6. Structure of Long Bone Epiphysis Ends of long bone Bulbous shape allows for muscle attachment and gives stability to joints Contains spongy tissue contains marrow - red or yellow Spongy bone Compact bone

  7. Structure of Long Bone Articular cartilage Covers joint surface of epiphysis Cushions jars and blows

  8. Structure of Long Bone Periosteum Dense fiberous membrane Covers bone except at joints Tedons interlace with and anchor muscles Contain many blood vessels (connects with haversian canal) Osteoblasts (bone forming cells) compose inner layer

  9. Structure of Long Bone Medullary Canal Tube of diaphysis Contains marrow Endosteum Membrane Lines medullary cavity of long bone

  10. Long Bone Anatomy http://kidshealth.org/misc/movie/bodybasics/bone.html

  11. Haversian System Identifies microscopic structure of compact bone in the diaphysis

  12. Haversian System Structure Lamellae (Lah-Mel-e) cylinder shaped layers of calcified matrix (non-living) Lacunae (la-Kew-nah) small spaces contains tissue fluid where bone cells (osteocytes) live imprisoned between lamellae

  13. Haversian System Structure Canaliculi (Ka-NALi-ku-li) ultra small canals radiates out from lacunae to connect each other connects also to haversian canal Haversian canal Contains blood vessels and lymphatic tissue Gives nutrients to lacunae through canaliculi Gives nutrients to osteocytes

  14. Haversian System

  15. Bone Development and Growth Osteogenesis -the process of bone formation At 12 weeks the skeleton has formed-made of cartilage and fibrous tissue.

  16. Bone Development and Growth Fontanels - "soft spots" of an infant's skull

  17. Osteogensis Intramembranous Development Prebone structure of skull and mandible Takes place within connective tissue Connective tissue enlarges to form osteoblasts - bone forming cells. Bone matrix is formed Matrix is calcified by deposits of calcium and salts. Flat bones grow by adding to their outside borders.

  18. Osteogensis Continued Endochondral (all other bones) Begin as cartilage Cartilage develops periosteum - enlarges into a ring Cartilage calcifies Ossification, hardening of bone, progresses toward each epiphysis. (involves addition of Ca+ and Phosphorous ions) During bone growth, ephiphyseal cartilage remains between ends and shaft = growth plate.

  19. Osteogensis Continued Major stages (a-d fetal, e child, f adult) in the development of the endochondral bone.

  20. Bone Growth Diameter Osteoclasts - enlarge diameter of medullary cavity by eating away wall. Osteoblasts - build new bone at periosteum Occurs throughout life http://www.personal.psu.edu/staff/m/b/mbt102/bisci4online/bone/bone5.htm

  21. Bone Growth Continued Childhood Bone ossification is greater than bone resorption (decomposition) = taller Adulthood Bone ossification and resorption equal one another. At 35-40, bone ossification decreases and resorption is greater. Become hollow Vertebrae collapse = height decrease Brittle bones = death

  22. Bone Growth http://www.pennmedicine.org/encyclopedia/em_DisplayAnimation.aspx?gcid=000112&ptid=17

  23. Bone marrow aspiration, direct removal of a small amount (about 1–5 millilitres) of bone marrow by suction through a hollow needle.

  24. Bone Fracture Bone Fracture - break in continuity of bone. Types Simple - skin remains unbroken Compound - broken ends protrude through skin Easily infected - osteomyelitis http://www.muschealth.com/video/Default.aspx?videoId=10226&cId=2&type=rel

  25. Bone Fractures Continued A complete fracture is when the bone has broken into two pieces. A greenstick fracture is when the bone cracks on one side only, not all the way through. A single fracture is when the bone is broken in one place. A comminuted (say: kah-muh-noot-ed) fracture is when the bone is broken into more than two pieces or crushed. A bowing fracture, which only happens in kids, is when the bone bends but doesn't break An open fracture is when the bone is sticking through the skin.

  26. Bone Fractures Continued

  27. Bone Fractures Continued Repair - fracture healing Damage to blood vessels begins repair sequence. Dead bone is removed by osteoclasts-resorption. Osteoclasts used as framework for repair tissue called callus. Callus tissue bonds broken ends of bone outside. Callus tissue binds medullary cavity. Callus tissue is molded and replaced with bone. Electrically induced osteogenesis - uses electrical stimuli to heal fractures.

  28. Bone Fractures Continued Major steps in the repair of a fracture.

  29. Osteoporosis Loss of calcified matrix & callogenous fibers. Occurs most frequently in elderly, white females. Decrease levels of estrogen and testosterone. Decreased osteoblast activity Decreased maintenance of existing bone Bone Degeneration Spontaneous fractures Curvature of the spine Treatment Estrogen therapy - after menopause Dietary supplement of calcium and vitamin D. http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0072495855/student_view0/chapter6/animation__osteoporosis.html http://www.muschealth.com/video/Default.aspx?cId=2

  30. Cartilage Cartilage - connective tissue Types Hyaline Elastic Cartilage Fibrocartilage

  31. Hyaline Most abundant Semi-transparent-bluish, opalescent Covers articular surface of bone Forms ends of ribs that join to sternum Forms rings in trachea, bronchi of lungs, & nose

  32. Elastic Cartilage Elasticity and firmness Fibers form to external ear, epiglottis, tubes in ear, nasal cavity Yellowish in color

  33. Fibrocartilage Greatest tensile strength Intervertebral disks, point of attachment of some large tendons to bones.

  34. Structure of Cartilage Chondrocytes - cartilage cells. Avascular - contain no blood vessels. Receive oxygen and nutrients through diffusion. Increase of collagenous fibers and matrix embedded in a gel (not calcified).

  35. Function of Cartilage Shock absorption Resists collapse of passageways Allows bone growth

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