American Experience

1. American Experience Minorities and African-American life in the Modern Industrial Age

2. Divided America • Segregation and Jim Crow 1. After the Civil War, there was a time known as Reconstruction. a. Reconstruction was not only physical, but emotional and political.

3. Divided America 2. During reconstruction we have the first African-American political leaders elected to Congress, as mayors, and as state representatives! a. 13th, 14th, and 15th Amendments

4. Divided America 3. However, this created a strong southern, white backlash, which included violent reactions such as KKK rallies and retaliation, and also political moves such as poll taxes, literacy tests, and the “grandfather clause.” a. African Americans were stuck:

5. Divided America 1.Too poor to pay the poll tax 2.Uneducated during slavery 3. Had not been “free” or voting before the Civil War

6. Divided America 4. After the war, American views on Race were still relatively unchanged! a. Widespread belief in superiority of certain peoples: Anglo-Saxon “dominance”

7. Divided America b. Legal Segregation Segregation is the separation of peoples based on race or ethnicity. 1. “Jim Crow” Laws- affected all areas of society including: a. RR cars b. Schools c. Marriage 2. Plessy v. Ferguson a. 1896 Supreme Court Case involving segregation

8. Divided America a. Happened in Louisiana, 1892 b. Homer Plessy, 1/8th African American, the rest European ancestry c. Selected to challenge the RR car law in Louisiana.

9. Divided America 3. Court Decision: “Separate but Equal” a. This term would plague US society for another 60 years!! b. Applied to all areas of social, political, and cultural life!

10. Separate but equal: facilities will be separate for different races, as long as they are equal in function and availability.

11. Divided America B. Leaders in Industrial African-America 1. W.E.B. DuBois a. Demanded equal rights immediately. b. Niagara Movement 1. "We want full manhood suffrage and we want it now.... “ c. National Assoc. for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) 1. Grew out of the Niagara Movt.

12. Divided America

13. Divided America 2. Booker T. Washington a. Was more patient, stating that African- Americans must gain rights through education and self- improvement. b. Tuskegee Institute 1. First African-American centered learning center 2. Founded, 1881

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15. Divided America 3. Now Tuskegee University! c. Washington and Dubois obviously did not necessarily agree! DON’T WRITE THIS!! • A third major leader, Marcus Garvey was even more unique. He believed that African-Americans should re-settle parts of Africa! • “Back to Africa” movement (Liberia) • Originally, Lincoln believed in this too!!