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Bacteria, Archaea , Viruses

Bacteria, Archaea , Viruses. Which Kingdom do Viruses belong to? . Bacteria. Single cell – unicellular Prokaryotes – no nucleus, no organelles DNA – circular - single loop + has many plasmids Cell Wall – not rigid like in plant, more flexible composed of peptidoglycan

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Bacteria, Archaea , Viruses

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  1. Bacteria, Archaea, Viruses Which Kingdom do Viruses belong to?

  2. Bacteria • Single cell – unicellular • Prokaryotes – no nucleus, no organelles • DNA – circular - single loop + has many plasmids • Cell Wall – not rigid like in plant, more flexible • composed of peptidoglycan • can protect bacteria from hosts defenses • useful as a signal to other bacteria

  3. Bacteria Structure 2. Flagella is used for movement 3.  Pilli (Fimbrae) help bacteria cling to surfaces 4. Prokaryotes do not have organelles or a membrane bound  nucleus! 5.  Nucleoid region contains a circular loop of DNA 6.  Plasmids are rings of DNA, used in reproduction 7.  Ribosomes in cytoplasm synthesize proteins

  4. How do Bacteria Obtain Food Photoautotrophs Chemoautotrophs Heterotrophs

  5. Photoautotrophs - cyanobacteria

  6. Chemoautotrophs - sulfur-loving bacteria • need CO2 as a carbon source • obtain energy NOT from light • obtain energy from oxidization of H2S, HN4, or Fe+

  7. Heterotrophs • Obtain their energy from organic compounds • These are made by the photo- and chemo-autotrophs

  8. Disease causing Bacteria • Cholera • Anthrax • Tuberculosis – TB • Pneumonia • Tetanus • Streptococcal diseases • Variety of infections – assosiated with other diseases (post-operative, cold and flu- associated, etc.)

  9. Archaea – ArchebacteriaAncient Bacteria • At first believed to be weird bacteria • Scientific evidence tell us that they are very, very old organisms – share characteristics with bacteria , BUT also characteristics with eukaryotes • Life in EXTREME environments – places on Earth where they are the ONLY living thing

  10. Archeae • Unicellular prokaryotes (like bacteria) • Have a cell wall (like bacteria) BUT cell wall is very different composition • Cell membrane is so different from bacteria that antibiotics (which kill bacteria by affecting cell wall and membrane) have NO effect on archaebacteria

  11. Origins

  12. Archaea of Note • Lobusfulgidus is a sulfur-reducer that can sour oil wells. • Halobacteria are salt-loving microbes that give a pink tinge to salt water evaporation ponds, the Dead Sea and salted fish. • Pyrolobusfumarii led scientists to extend the upper temperature limit for life to 113 degrees Celsius (235.4 degrees Fahrenheit). • Sulfolobusacidocaldarius is used to leach copper and iron from ore.

  13. Where do they live? Geyser ice sulfur Great Slat Lake Ocean Vent

  14. THERMOACIDOPHILE – the red stuff on the rocks This is an archaebacteria. THE FUTURE//PAST BELONGS TO ARCHAE!

  15. How weird can they get? • Thermophiles like unusually hot temperatures. A few species have been found to survive even above 110 degrees Celsius (water boils at 100 degrees Celsius). • Psychrophiles like extremely cold temperatures (even down to -10 degrees Celsius). • Halophiles thrive in unusually salty habitats. Some can thrive in water that’s 9% salt; sea water contains only 0.9% salt. • Acidophiles prefer acidic conditions; Alkaliphiles prefer very alkaline environs.

  16. What do they Eat • Hydrogen Gas • Carbon dioxide • Sulfur • sunlight – autotroph – light-harvesting pigment in cell membrane

  17. What is a virus? • A nonliving particle made of protein, nucleic acids and sometimes lipids • Viruses can only reproduce by infecting living cells! • Viruses are parasites!

  18. Viral Structure • Capsid-the protein coat surrounding a virus

  19. Viral Structure • Capsidcan be different shape and form • Bacteriophages– Viruses that infect bacteria

  20. Viral Infections • Lytic Infection- • Virus enters a cell • Makes copies of itself • Causes the cell to burst or lyse • Can the virus keep doing this?

  21. Viral Infections • Lysogenic Cycle • Virus enters cell • Prophage- viral DNA embedded in the host cell’s DNA • Virus is dormant – lays low

  22. Virus Genetic material • DNA Viruses and RNA Visruses • Both types can have ss or ds DNA/RNA • Some RNA viruses have enzymes that convert their RNA into DNA

  23. Retrovirus • The genetic information is copied from RNA to DNA instead of from DNA to RNA • Example: HIV

  24. Some Viral Diseases • Common Cold – many different viruses – rhinoviruses (RNA), corona viruses, etc. • Flu – Influenza (RNA) virus • AIDS – HIV • Measels – Paramixovirus • Cold sores – Herpes virus • Mumps – Paramixovirus • many, many others

  25. Some exotic ones • West Nile fever – west nile virus • Hemorrhagic fever – many nasty viruses: Ebola, Marburg, Lassa, Dengue, etc. • Tick-bore encephalitis – TBEV • 4-corners disease – Hanta virus (Hantavirus Pulmonary syndrome) • More exotic ones appear – they jump hosts – destruction of Rainforest??????

  26. Outbreak Movie Trailer Contaigon Movie Trailer

  27. Ebola Oubreak

  28. Useful Bacteria • Many Bacteria are beneficial to humans, animals, plants, the environment – more and more bacteria are used to do strange things • Check this out: Weird uses of Bacteria

  29. Probiotics • Bacteria and yeast that are believed to improve health • Available in certain foods or as supplements • Our digestive system is home to more than 500 different types of bacteria – keep intestines healthy and help with digestion, help immune system • Probiotics may help treat several digestive disorders – Diarrhea, Colitis, Irritable Bowl syndrome, etc.

  30. Probiotics Auditions for Helpful Bacteria

  31. And the winner is ........

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