ISLAM: Submission to the Will of Allah

1. ISLAM: Submission to the Will of Allah

2. The Judeo-Christian Foundations of Islam

3. IslamAn Abrahamic Religion • Muslims are strict monotheists. • They believe in the Judeo- Christian God (Allah) • Muslims believe that the Torah and the Bible, like the Qur’an, is part of the word of God. “People of the Book”

4. Abraham’s Genealogy HAGAR ABRAHAM SARAH Ishmael Isaac 12 Arabian Tribes Jacob Esau 12 Tribes of Israel

5. The Prophetic Tradition Adam Noah Abraham Moses Jesus Muhammad

6. The Qur'an: God's Last Revelation

7. The Origins of the Qur’an • Muhammad received his first revelation from the angel Gabriel in the Cave of Hira in 610. • 622 Hijrah  Muhammed fled Mecca for Medina.* The beginning of the Muslim calendar (1 A.H.) • Muhammad’s revelations were compiled into the Qur’an by 650, soon after his death (632) –.

8. The Qur’an • Muslims believe it contains the word of God. • 114 suras (chapters). • In the name of Allah, the compassionate, the merciful. • Written in Arabic.

9. The Five Pillars of Islam

10. 1. The Shahada • The testimony. • The declaration of faith: There is no god worthy of worship except God, andMuhammad is HisMessenger [or Prophet].

11. 2. The Salat • The prayers performed 5 times a day:* dawn* noon* late afternoon * sunset * before going to bed • Wash before praying. • Face Mecca and use a prayer rug.

12. 2. The Salat • The call to prayer by themuezzin in the minaret. • Pray in the mosque on Friday. 2

13. 3. The Zakat • Almsgiving (charitable donations). • Muslims believe that all things belong to God. • Zakat means both “purification” and “growth.”

14. 4. The Sawm • Fasting during the holy month of Ramadan. • Considered a method of self- purification. • No eating or drinking from sunrise to sunset during Ramadan. • Eid al fitr – end of Ramadan celebration

15. Eid Mubarak End of the Ramadan holiday.

16. 5. The Hajj • The pilgrimage to Mecca. • To be done at least once in a Muslim’s lifetime, if possible. • 2-3 million Muslims make the pilgrimage every year.

17. The Kaaba

18. 5. The Hajj • Those who complete the pilgrimage can add the titlehajji to their name.

19. The Dar al-Islam The Worldof Islam 1 2 3 4 5

20. The Mosque • The Muslim place of worship.

21. The Dome of the Rock Mosque in Jerusalem Mount Moriah Rockwhere Muhammad ascended into heaven.

22. Other Traditional Islamic Religious Practices • Sharia body of Islamic law to regulate daily living.Up to four wives allowed at once. • No alcohol or pork. • No gambling. • Three holiest cities in Islam: Mecca, Medina, Jerusalem.

23. Essential Question: Why was Islam able to spread so quickly and convert so many to the new religion?

24. The Spread of Islam • Easy to learn and practice. • No priesthood. • Teaches equality. • Non-Muslims, who were “Peoples of the Book,” were allowed religious freedom; just paid a military tax. • Easily “portable”  nomads & trade routes. • Jihad(“Holy War”) for inner purity and against pagans

25. Islamic Caliphates and States

26. Caliph= “successor to the Prophet” 1) Abu Bakr 2) Umar (began conquest of Syria, Egypt, Sassanid Empire) 3) Uthman – (assassinated; assassins chose Ali as new successor  Civil war 656-680 Muhammad’s death 632

27. Muhammad + Khadija Fatimah = Ali (assassinated) Hassan (poisoned) Husayn (assassinated) at: Battle of Karbala (in Iraq) 10-day mourning period held every Muharram To Shi’a Islam, only descendants of Muhammad are true successors (imam) Twelvers & Hidden Imam

28. Sunni No single person can define true belief; accepted political caliphates Split over successor= • Shia • Only heir of Muhammad – • 12th imam – Hidden Imam – will return (& a little later, Jesus) to rule and judge • 1000 yrs justice

29. Umayyad Caliphate 661-750 Founded by Uthman kinsman Damascus - capital

30. Battle of Tours 732 Frankish Kingdom Eastern Roman/ Byzantine Empire Umayyad Caliphate “Dar al Islam”

31. 750 – Abbasid Caliphate – Overthrew last Umayyad (although one fled to Spain and established a caliphate there- Cordoba) Begins the Golden Age Conversion to Islam 945 – smaller Abbasid Empire becomes Shiite ruled: Iran & Iraq

32. Abbasid Caliphate 750 New capital – Baghdad

33. Umayyad Spain Abbasid Caliphate and Umayyad Spain – Islamic Golden Age 750-1000

34. Islamic golden age • “The ink of the scholar is more holy than the blood of martyrs.” • Classical works preserved • Papermaking adopted • Philosophers • Environmental treatises, esp. pollution • Hospitals – a variety • Medical knowledge & advancements

35. Mathematical & scientific writings (surpass total # of classical writings) • Globalization of trade & cultural diffusion • Adoption of Indian number system • Business & contractual law practices • Chemistry, physics, psychology, Algebra • Libraries (with lending) and emphasis on education

36. Fatimid dynasty- Shi’a Cairo

37. Seljuk Turks – triggered urban decline & the Crusades Fatimid reunified: Saladin; involved in the Crusades Mamluks – established an empire that halted the Mongols ca. 1250

38. Salah - al – din /Saladin-recaptured Jerusalem from the European Crusaders

39. Seljuk Turks

40. (1250–1517) Resisted being conquered by The Mongols 13th century Mamluk sultanate -