U.S. Agency for International Development

1. U.S. Agency forInternational Development USAID Office of Foreign Disaster Assistance: An Overview of Earthquake-Related Mitigation Efforts Gari Mayberry OFDA/USGS Geoscience Advisor

2. What is USAID? The U.S. Agency for International Development is the independent federal government agency that provides foreign assistance and humanitarian aid to advance the political and economic interests of the United States.

3. USAID’s Mission To contribute to U.S. national interests by supporting the people of developing and transitional countries in their efforts to achieve enduring economic and social progress and to participate more fully in resolving the problems of their countries and the world.

4. USAID’s History USAID's history goes back to the Marshall Plan reconstruction of Europe after World War II. In 1961, President John F. Kennedy signed the Foreign Assistance Act into law and created USAID by executive order. Since that time, USAID has been the principal U.S. agency to extend assistance to countries responding to and recovering from disaster, trying to escape poverty, and engaging in democratic reforms.

5. What USAID Does: • The agency works in 7 areas crucial to achieving both economic and social development and advancing U.S. foreign policy objectives: • Economic growth & trade • Agriculture • Global health • Conservation of natural resources • Democracy and governance • Education, and… • Humanitarian assistance

6. Where USAID Works: Europe & Eurasia Asia and the Near East Sub-Saharan Africa Latin America and the Caribbean

7. How USAID Does Its Work: While its headquarters are located in Washington, D.C., USAID's strength lies in its field offices around the world. USAID works in close partnership with private voluntary organizations, indigenous organizations, universities, American businesses, international agencies, other governments, and other U.S. government agencies. USAID has working relationships with more that 3,500 American companies and over 300 U.S.-based private voluntary organizations.

8. How Much Does Foreign Aid Cost? • Most polls indicate that Americans think that U.S. foreign assistance makes up close to 20% of total government spending. • Economic and humanitarian assistance abroad makes up less than one-half of 1% of the federal budget. • In terms of gross national product, the U.S. provides the least foreign assistance of any major industrialized nation. • In 2004, USAID directly administered about $8.8 billion in aid and co-managed another $4.5 billion with the Department of State.

9. Does USAID Work? • In total, 47 nations have “graduated” from U.S. assistance programs. • 30 of these former aid recipients have enjoyed such prosperity since receiving U.S. assistance that they are now donors themselves. • Some USAID graduates include- Barbados, Belize, Botswana, Chile, Costa Rica, the Czech Republic, Estonia, Greece, Italy, Portugal, Singapore, South Korea, Spain, Taiwan, Trinidad and Tobago, and Tunisia.

10. Humanitarian Assistance • As the U.S. government agency charged with providing humanitarian relief on behalf of the American people, USAID provides both short- and long-term humanitarian assistance. • In 2005, aid provided for humanitarian crises worldwide was estimated at $1.884 billion.

11. Office of U.S. Foreign Disaster Assistance

12. OFDA is… …the office within USAID responsible for facilitating and coordinating U.S. Government emergency assistance overseas. OFDA responds to all types of natural disasters, including earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, cyclones, floods, droughts, fires, pest infestations, and disease outbreaks. OFDA also provides assistance when lives or livelihoods are threatened by catastrophes such as civil conflict, acts of terrorism, or industrial accidents. OFDA also funds mitigation activities to reduce the impact of recurrent natural disasters and also provides training to build a country’s capacity for local disaster management and response.

13. USAID Organizational Chart (February 2003) Office of the Inspector General Office of the Administrator CIO CFO Office of Equal Opportunity Programs GDA Secretariat Office of Small Disadvantaged Business/Minority Office of Security Bureau for Policy & Program Coordination Bureau for Management Bureau for Legislative & Public Affairs Office of the General Counsel Bureau for Africa Bureau for Asia & Near East Bureau for Latin America & Caribbean Bureau for Europe & Eurasia Bureau for Democracy, Conflict, & Humanitarian Assistance Bureau for Economic Growth, Agriculture, & Trade Bureau for Global Health Geographic Bureau Field Missions

14. DCHA Office of Food for Peace (FFP) Office of US Foreign Disaster Assistance (OFDA) Office of Transition Initiatives (OTI) Office of American Schools and Hospitals Abroad (ASHA) Office of Private and Voluntary Cooperation (PVC) Office of Democracy and Governance (DG) Office of Program, Policy and Management (PPM) Office of Conflict Management and Mitigation (CMM) Bureau for Democracy, Conflict and Humanitarian Assistance (DCHA)

15. OFDA Structure OFFICE OF THE DIRECTOR TRAINING FIELD OFFICES (LAC, ASIA, AFRICA) EXTERNAL LIAISON DISASTER RESPONSE & MITIGATION DIVISION (DRM) OPERATIONS DIVISION (OPS) PROGRAM SUPPORT DIVISION (PS) REGIONAL TEAMS FIELD SUPPORT TEAM MANAGEMENT & ADMIN TEAM TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE GROUP (TAG) OPERATIONS SUPPORT TEAM RESOURCE TEAM EVALUATION AND PLANNING TEAM Regional Teams- 1. Asia and the Pacific 2. East and Central Africa 3. Europe, Middle East, and Central Asia 4. Latin America and the Caribbean 5.South, West, and North Africa

16. OFDA Field Presence Asia Regional Advisor Nepal UN Representative Geneva HQ Washington Caribbean Sub-Regional Office Barbados LACRegional Office Costa Rica Asia Regional Office Thailand Africa Regional Offices Senegal Kenya South Africa EDRCs Sierra Leone, Congo, Burundi, Ethiopia, Sudan, Zimbabwe

17. OFDA’s Mandate • Save lives • Alleviate human suffering • Reduce the economic impact of disasters

18. OFDA fulfills its mandate by: • Providing rapid, appropriate response to requests for assistance • Providing sufficient warning of natural events that cause disasters • Fostering self-sufficiency among disaster-prone nations by helping them achieve some measure of preparedness • Enhancing recovery from disasters through rehabilitation programs

19. OFDA Resources and Capabilities • Notwithstanding Authority (rapid procurement; OFDA can work anywhere in the world) • Stockpiles (Maryland, Florida, GUAM, UAE, Gibraltar, Honduras, Italy) • Grants, Contracts, Agreements with other USG or local government agencies • Cooperators, such as:

20. OFDA Cooperators (partial list) • US Forest Service, BLM • CDC, US Public Health Service • US Geological Survey • EPA • NOAA • Fairfax County (VA) and LA County (CA) Search and Rescue • Universities (e.g. : Tufts, Columbia, Wisconsin…)

21. Comparison Between FEMA and OFDA FEMA - responsible for coordination of federal assistance to domestic disasters in the U.S. and its territories. OFDA - responsible to coordinate USG foreign disaster relief activities.

22. Disaster Assistance 101 1. The Ambassador or Chief of Mission to the affected country declares a disaster if the event meets the following criteria- • The scale of the disaster is beyond the ability of the affected country to respond • Affected country requests (or will accept) outside assistance • In the interest of the US Government 2. OFDA immediately provides $50,000- the Disaster Assistance Authority 3. OFDA may deploy to the region

23. Accident 1 Complex Emergency/Civil Strife 16 Drought 5 Earthquake 3 Epidemic/Health Emergency 1 Famine/Food Shortage 9 Fire 3 Flood 24 Hurricane/Cyclone/Typhoon 8 Infestation 5 Landslide 1 Rapid Response 1 Storm (Non-Tropical) 1 Tsunami/Wave/Storm Surge 10 Winter Emergency 2 Total 90 Disasters in FY05

25. Mitigation at OFDA • Preparedness is an essential counterpart to disaster response. Strategic investments in disaster preparedness save lives, protect assets and infrastructure, and help avert costly relief operations. • On average, 10% of OFDA’s budget goes towards mitigation and preparedness projects. • In FY05 OFDA spent $496 million on disaster response and $32 million on preparedness activities.

26. OFDA Mitigation Projects • Fulfill OFDA’s mandate • Save lives • Alleviate suffering • Reduce the economic impact of disasters • Sustainable • Repeatable • Innovative

27. OFDA Earthquake-related Projects • Community-based education • Training • Research focused • Response enhancing

28. Kathmandu Valley Earthquake Risk Management Plan The National Society for Earthquake Technology (NSET) in Kathmandu, Nepal works with the Government of Nepal, NGOs, schools, and local communities to increase earthquake awareness and preparedness by coordinating and monitoring the long-term earthquake risk reduction plan for the Kathmandu Valley.

29. Supporting Earthquake Disaster Preparedness Education in Turkey • OFDA initiated a 3-year, community-based mitigation and preparedness project in Istanbul hosted by the Kandilli Observatory at Bogazici University in early 2000. • To date, more than 1 million of Instanbul’s 12 million residents have received training in basic hazard awareness mitigation. • Another several hundred trained as first responders.

30. Central Asia Earthquake Safety Initiative (CAESI) • In 2003, OFDA’s earthquake mitigation project expanded to Central Asia through Geohazards International in Almaty, Kazakhstan, in Dushanbe, Tajikistan, and in Tashkent, Uzbekistan. -Raise the awareness of residents, non-governmental organizations, public agencies and businesses of Almaty, Dushanbe and Tashkent about their high risk from earthquakes and their options to mitigate that risk. -Train residents, non-governmental organizations, public agencies and business of these cities in risk mitigation. -Reach out to support and promote disaster mitigation activities throughout the region.

31. Development of the Pakistan National Seismic Network • USGS is working with the Pakistan Meteorological Department to establish a new network of seismograph stations in and around earthquake prone cities. • USGS is providing technical expertise in the development of 12-15 Broadband Seismic Stations, 50 Short Period Seismic Stations, and 50 Accelerometers. • USGS tasks will mainly be advisory.

32. Assessing Future Earthquake Risk in Algeria and Training Algerian Researchers Project objectives: 1) To obtain a better assessment of earthquake risk in the highly populated capital city of Algiers following the 2003 M 6.8 earthquake 2) To assess the broader earthquake potential along the Tunisia-Northern Algeria-Morocco active seismic belt 3) To develop and transfer tools for use by Algerian researchers in seismic hazard analysis 4) To assist Algerian researchers in raising public awareness about their earthquake risk

34. Prompt Assessment of Global Earthquakes for Response (PAGER) • PAGER distributes alarms via pager, mobile phone, and e-mail that include a concise estimate of the earthquake’s impact. • Alarms report the earthquake location, magnitude, and depth, an estimate of the number of people exposed to varying levels of shaking, a description of the region’s vulnerability, and a measure of confidence in the system’s impact assessment. • Associated maps of shaking level, population density, and susceptibility to landslides will be posted on the Internet. • Information will be available within minutes of the determination of the earthquakes location and magnitude.

36. Next Steps… OFDA OFDA Information: http://www.usaid.gov/our_work/humanitarian_assistance/disaster_assistance/ Gari Mayberry OFDA/USGS Geoscience Advisor gmayberry@ofda.net

37. Next Steps…USAID General (including sector strategies, country and regional strategies) http://www.usaid.gov USAID's procurement web site http://www.usaid.gov/procurement_bus_opp/ Doing Business with USAID http://www.usaid.gov/university/ Annual Partnership Awards (Solicited) http://www.aascu.org/alo